Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 1

Specific response to a particular antigen type

Question 2

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 2

Active and Passive

Question 3

What are types of active immunity?

Answer 3

Natural and Vaccination

Question 4

What are types of passive immunity?

Answer 4

Maternal and artificial

Question 5

What are the surface molecules on all nucleated cells that identify it as self called?

Answer 5

Major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC Class 1)

Question 6

What is self tolerance?

Answer 6

When the immune system does not react to cells bearing MHC Class 1 tags

Question 7

What is an epitope?

Answer 7

the part of the antigen that the antibody binds to

Question 8

What is a paratope

Answer 8

the part of the antibody that binds to the antigen

Question 9

What allows for red blood cells to be transferred between individuals without immediate rejection?

Answer 9

RBCs are not nucleated and thus do not have MHC Class 1 markers.

Question 10

What are the surface glycoproteins on a red blood cell called?

Answer 10

A and B antigens

Question 11

What is the lack of a surface glycoprotein on a red blood cell called?

Answer 11

O blood

Question 12

What blood type is a universal recipient?

Answer 12

Group AB

Question 13

What blood type is the universal donor?

Answer 13

Group O

Question 14

What is present in the plasma of blood?

Answer 14

Antibodies that would not attack the antigen present in the red blood cells

Question 15

What are the two main components of the vertebrate adaptive immune system?

Answer 15

Humoral and cell mediated immune system

Question 16

What immune system involves the action of B cells?

Answer 16

Humoral immune system

Question 17

What immune system involves the action of T cells?

Answer 17

Cell-mediated immune system

Question 18

What are T cells?

Answer 18

Specialized lymphocytes that mature in the thymus

Question 19

What is the function of helper T cells?

Answer 19

Connect the phagocytic cells of the innate immune response to the B and T cells in the adaptive immune response

Question 20

What are B cells?

Answer 20

White blood cells that mature in bone marrow

Question 21

What type of cell secretes antibodies?

Answer 21

B cells

Question 22

What type of cells secretes cytokines?

Answer 22

T cells

Question 23

What are cytokines?

Answer 23

Small proteins which affect the growth of all blood cells and signal the immune system, specifically B cells, to do their job

Question 24

What are the primary targets of humoral response?

Answer 24

Extra cellular pathogens that have not been taken in to a body cell

Question 25

What are the primary targets of a cell-mediated response?

Answer 25

Cells of the body that have been infected by the pathogen

Question 26

Which adaptive immune response is faster upon infection?

Answer 26

Humoral response

Question 27

Where to macrophages migrate in order to activate specific helper T lymphocytes?

Answer 27

The lymph nodes

Question 28

What do activated B cells differentiate into?

Answer 28

Short-lived plasma cells

Question 29

What happens to a small proportion of activated B and T cells?

Answer 29

They develop into memory cells to provide long lasting immunity

Question 30

What cells does HIV find and destroy?

Answer 30

Helper T cells or CD4 cells

Question 31

What is an HIV capsid?

Answer 31

HIV’s core that contains HIV RNA

Question 32

What is the central dogma of HIV?

Question 33

What are the three stages of HIV?

Answer 33

Acute infection Clinical latency (Chronic HIV Infection) AIDS

Question 34

When is a B cell destroyed by apoptosis?

Answer 34

When the immature B cell binds to the body’s own proteins

Question 35

What are inactive B cells?

Answer 35

The cells that do not attack self proteins and are released into circulation

Question 36

What is clonal selection?

Answer 36

a theory stating that B cells express antigen-specific receptors before antigens are ever encountered in the body, which leaves them to divide

Question 37

What do B cells divide into after being activated by antigens?

Answer 37

Plasma cells

Question 38

How many antibody molecules per second does a plasma cell produce?

Answer 38

2000

Question 39

What type of cells release antibodies?

Answer 39

Plasma B cells

Question 40

What are antibodies made of?

Answer 40

4 polypeptide chains that are joined together by disulphide bonds

Question 41

What is the area where the antigen binds called?

Answer 41

Variable regions

Question 42

What are the three reactions between an antigen-antibody complex with a pathogen?

Answer 42

Neutralization, Agglutination, Complement

Question 43

What is neutralization?

Answer 43

Binds to pathogen to block key biological activity

Question 44

What is an example of neutralization?

Answer 44

Antigen-antibody complex inhibits virus entry into host cells

Question 45

What is agglutination?

Answer 45

Causes dumping of pathogens so phagocytes can engulf a number of pathogens at once

Question 46

What happens to the clumps formed by neutralization and agglutination?

Answer 46

Destroyed by phagocytic white bloods cells

Question 47

What happens when a complement protein is bound to a pathogen?

Answer 47

Causes the pathogens to lose or encourages phagocytosis

Question 48

What is the difference between plasma and memory B cells?

Answer 48

Plasma cells release proteins that become antibodies while memory cells provide lasting immunity for future encounters.

Question 49

How long is the lag between exposure and antibody production during a primary response?

Answer 49

4-7 days

Question 50

What happens during the primary response?

Answer 50

The clonal selection occurs creating plasma and memory B cells

Question 51

How many days required for peak antibody response during primary response?

Answer 51

10-17 days

Question 52

What is the state of antibodies during the primary response?

Answer 52

Total antibody production is lower and levels decline rapidly

Question 53

How long is the lag between exposure and antibody production during a secondary response?

Answer 53

1-4 days

Question 54

What happens during secondary response?

Answer 54

Memory has been established and the immune system can start making antibodies immediately.

Question 55

How many days required for peak antibody response during secondary response?

Answer 55

2-7 days

Question 56

How many more antibodies are produced in the secondary response?

Answer 56

Usually 100-1000 times more antibodies are produced

Question 57

What are the different types of vaccines?

Answer 57

Live attentuated Inactive Subunit DNA/RNA

Question 58

What are live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 58

Live but weakened form of pathogens

Question 59

What are inactive vaccines?

Answer 59

Killed or inactivated forms of pathogens

Question 60

What are subunit vaccines?

Answer 60

Purified material such as proteins

Question 61

What are DNA/RNA vaccines?

Answer 61

Sections of nucleic acid that code for antigen proteins

Question 62

How does a vaccine enter a human cell?

Answer 62

The lipid sac in the vaccine fuses with the human cell

Question 63

How do vaccines make antigens?

Answer 63

The human cell uses the viral gene given by the lipid sac to make the spike protein, which is the antigen.

Question 64

What is a monoclonal antibody?

Answer 64

An artificially produced antibody for a specific antigen.

Question 65

What are the three reasons monoclonal antibodies are useful?

Answer 65

Totally uniform Produced in large quantities Highly specific for an antigen

Question 66

What are hybridomas?

Answer 66

Cells that have the characteristics for both the B cell and the tumor cell