Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
What is adaptive immunity?
Specific response to a particular antigen type
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
Active and Passive
What are types of active immunity?
Natural and Vaccination
What are types of passive immunity?
Maternal and artificial
What are the surface molecules on all nucleated cells that identify it as self called?
Major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC Class 1)
What is self tolerance?
When the immune system does not react to cells bearing MHC Class 1 tags
What is an epitope?
the part of the antigen that the antibody binds to
What is a paratope
the part of the antibody that binds to the antigen
What allows for red blood cells to be transferred between individuals without immediate rejection?
RBCs are not nucleated and thus do not have MHC Class 1 markers.
What are the surface glycoproteins on a red blood cell called?
A and B antigens
What is the lack of a surface glycoprotein on a red blood cell called?
O blood
What blood type is a universal recipient?
Group AB
What blood type is the universal donor?
Group O
What is present in the plasma of blood?
Antibodies that would not attack the antigen present in the red blood cells
What are the two main components of the vertebrate adaptive immune system?
Humoral and cell mediated immune system
What immune system involves the action of B cells?
Humoral immune system
What immune system involves the action of T cells?
Cell-mediated immune system
What are T cells?
Specialized lymphocytes that mature in the thymus
What is the function of helper T cells?
Connect the phagocytic cells of the innate immune response to the B and T cells in the adaptive immune response
What are B cells?
White blood cells that mature in bone marrow
What type of cell secretes antibodies?
B cells
What type of cells secretes cytokines?
T cells
What are cytokines?
Small proteins which affect the growth of all blood cells and signal the immune system, specifically B cells, to do their job
What are the primary targets of humoral response?
Extra cellular pathogens that have not been taken in to a body cell
What are the primary targets of a cell-mediated response?
Cells of the body that have been infected by the pathogen
Which adaptive immune response is faster upon infection?
Humoral response
Where to macrophages migrate in order to activate specific helper T lymphocytes?
The lymph nodes
What do activated B cells differentiate into?
Short-lived plasma cells
What happens to a small proportion of activated B and T cells?
They develop into memory cells to provide long lasting immunity
What cells does HIV find and destroy?
Helper T cells or CD4 cells
What is an HIV capsid?
HIV’s core that contains HIV RNA
What is the central dogma of HIV?
What are the three stages of HIV?
Acute infection
Clinical latency (Chronic HIV Infection)
AIDS
When is a B cell destroyed by apoptosis?
When the immature B cell binds to the body’s own proteins
What are inactive B cells?
The cells that do not attack self proteins and are released into circulation
What is clonal selection?
a theory stating that B cells express antigen-specific receptors before antigens are ever encountered in the body, which leaves them to divide
What do B cells divide into after being activated by antigens?
Plasma cells
How many antibody molecules per second does a plasma cell produce?
2000
What type of cells release antibodies?
Plasma B cells
What are antibodies made of?
4 polypeptide chains that are joined together by disulphide bonds
What is the area where the antigen binds called?
Variable regions
What are the three reactions between an antigen-antibody complex with a pathogen?
Neutralization, Agglutination, Complement
What is neutralization?
Binds to pathogen to block key biological activity
What is an example of neutralization?
Antigen-antibody complex inhibits virus entry into host cells
What is agglutination?
Causes dumping of pathogens so phagocytes can engulf a number of pathogens at once
What happens to the clumps formed by neutralization and agglutination?
Destroyed by phagocytic white bloods cells
What happens when a complement protein is bound to a pathogen?
Causes the pathogens to lose or encourages phagocytosis
What is the difference between plasma and memory B cells?
Plasma cells release proteins that become antibodies while memory cells provide lasting immunity for future encounters.
How long is the lag between exposure and antibody production during a primary response?
4-7 days
What happens during the primary response?
The clonal selection occurs creating plasma and memory B cells
How many days required for peak antibody response during primary response?
10-17 days
What is the state of antibodies during the primary response?
Total antibody production is lower and levels decline rapidly
How long is the lag between exposure and antibody production during a secondary response?
1-4 days
What happens during secondary response?
Memory has been established and the immune system can start making antibodies immediately.
How many days required for peak antibody response during secondary response?
2-7 days
How many more antibodies are produced in the secondary response?
Usually 100-1000 times more antibodies are produced
What are the different types of vaccines?
Live attentuated
Inactive
Subunit
DNA/RNA
What are live attenuated vaccines?
Live but weakened form of pathogens
What are inactive vaccines?
Killed or inactivated forms of pathogens
What are subunit vaccines?
Purified material such as proteins
What are DNA/RNA vaccines?
Sections of nucleic acid that code for antigen proteins
How does a vaccine enter a human cell?
The lipid sac in the vaccine fuses with the human cell
How do vaccines make antigens?
The human cell uses the viral gene given by the lipid sac to make the spike protein, which is the antigen.
What is a monoclonal antibody?
An artificially produced antibody for a specific antigen.
What are the three reasons monoclonal antibodies are useful?
Totally uniform
Produced in large quantities
Highly specific for an antigen
What are hybridomas?
Cells that have the characteristics for both the B cell and the tumor cell
