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Immune System > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Specific response to a particular antigen type

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2
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

Active and Passive

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3
Q

What are types of active immunity?

A

Natural and Vaccination

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4
Q

What are types of passive immunity?

A

Maternal and artificial

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5
Q

What are the surface molecules on all nucleated cells that identify it as self called?

A

Major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC Class 1)

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6
Q

What is self tolerance?

A

When the immune system does not react to cells bearing MHC Class 1 tags

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7
Q

What is an epitope?

A

the part of the antigen that the antibody binds to

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8
Q

What is a paratope

A

the part of the antibody that binds to the antigen

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9
Q

What allows for red blood cells to be transferred between individuals without immediate rejection?

A

RBCs are not nucleated and thus do not have MHC Class 1 markers.

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10
Q

What are the surface glycoproteins on a red blood cell called?

A

A and B antigens

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11
Q

What is the lack of a surface glycoprotein on a red blood cell called?

A

O blood

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12
Q

What blood type is a universal recipient?

A

Group AB

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13
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

Group O

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14
Q

What is present in the plasma of blood?

A

Antibodies that would not attack the antigen present in the red blood cells

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15
Q

What are the two main components of the vertebrate adaptive immune system?

A

Humoral and cell mediated immune system

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16
Q

What immune system involves the action of B cells?

A

Humoral immune system

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17
Q

What immune system involves the action of T cells?

A

Cell-mediated immune system

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18
Q

What are T cells?

A

Specialized lymphocytes that mature in the thymus

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19
Q

What is the function of helper T cells?

A

Connect the phagocytic cells of the innate immune response to the B and T cells in the adaptive immune response

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20
Q

What are B cells?

A

White blood cells that mature in bone marrow

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21
Q

What type of cell secretes antibodies?

A

B cells

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22
Q

What type of cells secretes cytokines?

A

T cells

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23
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small proteins which affect the growth of all blood cells and signal the immune system, specifically B cells, to do their job

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24
Q

What are the primary targets of humoral response?

A

Extra cellular pathogens that have not been taken in to a body cell

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25
Q

What are the primary targets of a cell-mediated response?

A

Cells of the body that have been infected by the pathogen

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26
Q

Which adaptive immune response is faster upon infection?

A

Humoral response

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27
Q

Where to macrophages migrate in order to activate specific helper T lymphocytes?

A

The lymph nodes

28
Q

What do activated B cells differentiate into?

A

Short-lived plasma cells

29
Q

What happens to a small proportion of activated B and T cells?

A

They develop into memory cells to provide long lasting immunity

30
Q

What cells does HIV find and destroy?

A

Helper T cells or CD4 cells

31
Q

What is an HIV capsid?

A

HIV’s core that contains HIV RNA

32
Q

What is the central dogma of HIV?

A
33
Q

What are the three stages of HIV?

A

Acute infection
Clinical latency (Chronic HIV Infection)
AIDS

34
Q

When is a B cell destroyed by apoptosis?

A

When the immature B cell binds to the body’s own proteins

35
Q

What are inactive B cells?

A

The cells that do not attack self proteins and are released into circulation

36
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

a theory stating that B cells express antigen-specific receptors before antigens are ever encountered in the body, which leaves them to divide

37
Q

What do B cells divide into after being activated by antigens?

A

Plasma cells

38
Q

How many antibody molecules per second does a plasma cell produce?

A

2000

39
Q

What type of cells release antibodies?

A

Plasma B cells

40
Q

What are antibodies made of?

A

4 polypeptide chains that are joined together by disulphide bonds

41
Q

What is the area where the antigen binds called?

A

Variable regions

42
Q

What are the three reactions between an antigen-antibody complex with a pathogen?

A

Neutralization, Agglutination, Complement

43
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Binds to pathogen to block key biological activity

44
Q

What is an example of neutralization?

A

Antigen-antibody complex inhibits virus entry into host cells

45
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Causes dumping of pathogens so phagocytes can engulf a number of pathogens at once

46
Q

What happens to the clumps formed by neutralization and agglutination?

A

Destroyed by phagocytic white bloods cells

47
Q

What happens when a complement protein is bound to a pathogen?

A

Causes the pathogens to lose or encourages phagocytosis

48
Q

What is the difference between plasma and memory B cells?

A

Plasma cells release proteins that become antibodies while memory cells provide lasting immunity for future encounters.

49
Q

How long is the lag between exposure and antibody production during a primary response?

A

4-7 days

50
Q

What happens during the primary response?

A

The clonal selection occurs creating plasma and memory B cells

51
Q

How many days required for peak antibody response during primary response?

A

10-17 days

52
Q

What is the state of antibodies during the primary response?

A

Total antibody production is lower and levels decline rapidly

53
Q

How long is the lag between exposure and antibody production during a secondary response?

A

1-4 days

54
Q

What happens during secondary response?

A

Memory has been established and the immune system can start making antibodies immediately.

55
Q

How many days required for peak antibody response during secondary response?

A

2-7 days

56
Q

How many more antibodies are produced in the secondary response?

A

Usually 100-1000 times more antibodies are produced

57
Q

What are the different types of vaccines?

A

Live attentuated
Inactive
Subunit
DNA/RNA

58
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines?

A

Live but weakened form of pathogens

59
Q

What are inactive vaccines?

A

Killed or inactivated forms of pathogens

60
Q

What are subunit vaccines?

A

Purified material such as proteins

61
Q

What are DNA/RNA vaccines?

A

Sections of nucleic acid that code for antigen proteins

62
Q

How does a vaccine enter a human cell?

A

The lipid sac in the vaccine fuses with the human cell

63
Q

How do vaccines make antigens?

A

The human cell uses the viral gene given by the lipid sac to make the spike protein, which is the antigen.

64
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

An artificially produced antibody for a specific antigen.

65
Q

What are the three reasons monoclonal antibodies are useful?

A

Totally uniform
Produced in large quantities
Highly specific for an antigen

66
Q

What are hybridomas?

A

Cells that have the characteristics for both the B cell and the tumor cell

Immune System (3 decks)

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