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Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what must most pathogens do?

A

overcome surface barriers and reach underlying tissues
overcome resistance by host

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2
Q

how do pathogens overcome resistance by hosts?

A

nonspecific resistance
specific immune response

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3
Q

what is the immune system?

A

composed of widely distributed cells, tissues, and organs
recognizes foreign substance or microbes and acts to neutralize or destroy them

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4
Q

what is immunity?

A

ability of host to resist a particular disease or infection

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5
Q

what is immunology?

A

science concerned with immune response

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6
Q

what is the nonspecific immune response?

A

innate or natural immunity
acts as first line of defense
offers resistance o any microbe or foreign material
lacks immunological memory

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7
Q

what is the specific immune response?

A

acquired or adaptive immunity
resistance to particular foreign agents
has memory
effectiveness increases on repeated exposure to agent

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8
Q

what is the effectiveness of physical barriers impacted by in innate resistance?

A

direct factors and indirect factors

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9
Q

what are examples of direct factors?

A

nutrition, physiology, fever, age, and genetics

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10
Q

what are examples of indirect factors?

A

personal hygiene, socioeconomic status, and living conditions

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11
Q

what is the first defense against microbes?

A

barriers and host secretions

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12
Q

skin as a barrier

A

strong mechanical barrier to microbial invasion due to the keratin produced in the outer layer
inhospitable environment for microbes because:
attached organisms removed by shedding of outer skin cells
pH is slightly acidic
high NaCl concentration
subject to periodic drying

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13
Q

what do the mucous membranes do?

A

form protective covering that resists penetration and traps many microbes
are often bathed in antimicrobial secretions which contain a variety of antimicrobial substances

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14
Q

what are the three types of antimicrobial secretions?

A

lysozyme- hydrolyzes bond connecting sugars in peptidoglycan
lactoferrin- secreted by certain immune cells and sequesters iron from plasma
lactoperoxidase- produces superoxide radicals

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15
Q

how does the respiratory system protect against microbes?

A

turbulent air flow deposits microbes onto mucosal surfaces
mucociliary blanket
alveolar macrophages

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16
Q

what does the mucociliary blanket do?

A

mucus secretions trap microbes
once trapped, microbes are transported away from the lungs and are expelled by coughing, sneezing, or salivation washing it into the stomach

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17
Q

how does the stomach protect against microbes?

A

stomach acid

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18
Q

how do the small intestines work against microbes?

A

pancreatic enzymes
bile
intestinal enzymes
peristalsis

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19
Q

how do the large intestines work against microbes?

A

shedding of columnar epithelial cells
secretory IgA
normal microbiota

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20
Q

why is the genitourinary tract and unfavorable environment for foreign microbes?

A

low pH of urine and vagina
vagina has lactobacilli
urea and other toxic metabolic end products in urine
has flushing via urine and mucus
there is a distance barrier in the male urethra

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21
Q

what protections does the eye offer against microbes?

A

flushing action of tears
mucus secreted by the epithelial membrane
lysozyme, lactoferrin, and secretory IgA in tears

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22
Q

what are the chemical mediators in the innate immune response?

A

variety of defensive chemicals such as defensives and other polypeptides found in the lymph, blood, and other body fluids
defensive proteins are found in the blood

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23
Q

complement characteristics

A

composed of over 30 serum proteins
augments the antibacterial activity of the antibody
has three major activities

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24
Q

what are the three major activities of complement?

A

stimulates an inflammatory response by helping to recruit white blood cells
lysing microbial cells
promoting phagocytosis through opsonization

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25
what is opsonization?
process in which microbes are coated by serum components in preparation for the recognition/ingestion by phagocytic cells
26
what are some other functions of complement proteins?
function as chemotactic signals that recruit phagocytes to their activation site puncture cell membranes causing cell lysis many complement activities unite the innate immune system and adaptive arms of the immune system to destroy and remove invading pathogens
27
how does complement activation take place?
produced in inactive forms activated following enzymatic cleavage must be activated in cascade function take place in one of three pathways
28
what are the three pathways of complement activation?
alternative lectin classical
29
what are the major differences between pathways?
the types of molecules that activate each pathway the means by which key proteases are activated the identity of the proteases
30
what are the characteristics of the alternative pathway?
involved in nonspecific defenses against intravascular invasion by bacteria/fungi dependent of the interaction of complement with repetitive structures on pathogens such as LPS and techie acids
30
what are the characteristics of the alternative pathway?
involved in nonspecific defenses against intravascular invasion by bacteria/fungi dependent of the interaction of complement with repetitive structures on pathogens such as LPS and techoic acids begins with activation of C3 results in formation of the membrane attack complex
31
characteristics of the lectin pathway
also called the mannose-binding lectin pathway begins with activation of C3 and lectin binding dependent on interaction of host mannose-binding protein with pathogen surfaces to enhance phagocytosis
32
characteristics of the classical pathway
produces cleavage products that participate in opsonization, chemotaxis, and the membrane attack complex
33
what are cytokines?
soluble proteins or glycoproteins that are released by one cell population that act as intracellular mediators or signaling molecules
34
hat are the three simplified categories of cytokines?
regulators of innate immunity regulators of adaptive immunity stimulators of hematopoiesis
35
what are the four functional groups of cytokines?
chemokines interleukins interferons colony stimulating factors additional: tumor necrosis factor
36
37
what do chemokines do?
stimulate cell migration
38
what do interleukins do?
released from one leukocyte and act on another leukocyte
39
what are interferons?
regulatory cytokines produced in response to infection
40
what are colony stimulating factors?
stimulate growth and differentiation of immature leukocytes in bone marrow
41
what does the tumor necrosis factor family do?
stimulate an immune response
42
what are the 6 types of immune cells?
granulocytes mast cells monocytes and macrophages dendritic cells lymphocytes leukocytes
43
leukocyte characteristics
white blood cels involved in both specific and nonspecific immunity all arise from pluripotent stem cells
44
mast cell characteristics
bone-marrow derived cells differentiate in blood and connective tissue contain granules contain vasoactive mediators such as histamines play important role in the development of allergies and hypersensitivities
45
granulocyte characteristics
irregularly shaped nuclei with two to five lobes cytoplasm has granules with reactive substances that kill microbes and enhance inflammation
46
what are the three types of granulocytes?
basophils eosinophils neutrophils
47
neutrophil characterisitcs
highly phagocytic circulate in blood then migrate to sites of tissue damage kill ingested microbes with lytic enzymes and reactive oxygen metabolites contained in primary and secondary granules
48
monocyte characteristics
produced in bone marrow and release into blood circulation after circulating for 8 hours, mature into macrophages
49
macrophage characteristics
larger than monocytes, reside in specific tissues, highly phagocytic release chemokines to recruit neutrophils
50
dendritic cell characterisitcs
many long cellular projections present in blood, skin, and mucous membranes of the nose, lungs, and intestines contact, phagocytose, and process antigens before displaying the antigen on their surfaces capable of eliciting immune response for T-cells, activating the adaptive immune system
51
lymphocyte characteristics
major cells of the adaptive immune system T cells, B cells, NK cells have innate immune function trough innate lymphoid cells
52
innate lymphoid cell characteristics
NK cells do not have memory stimulated same methods as neutrophils, macrophages, and DC
53
what is phagocytosis?
process by which phagocytic cells recognize, ingest, and kill extracellular microbes can be greatly increased by opsonization two mechanisms of recognition
54
what are the two mechanisms of recognition for phagocytosis?
opsonin-dependent and opsonin-independent
55
how does the opsonin dependent mechanism work?
recognizes serum components attached to pathogens
56
how does the opsonin independent mechanism work?
common pathogen components are non-specifically recognized to activate phagocytes- signaling mechanism involved involves nonspecific/specific receptors on phagocytes
57
how does intracellular digestion work?
once bound, microbes can be internalized and delivered to a lysosome to become a phagolysosome respiratory burst reactions occur once the phagolysosome forms toxic oxygen products are produced which can kill invading microbes
58
what is inflammation?
nonspecific response to tissue injury can be caused by pathogen or physical trauma acute inflammation is the immediate response of body to injury or cell death
59
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness warmth pain swelling altered function
60
what is the acute inflammatory response?
the release of inflammatory mediators from injured tissue cells initiates a cascade of event which result in the signs of inflammation involves chemical mediators such as selecting, interns, and chemotaxins
61
what are selectins?
cell adhesion molecules on activated capillary endothelial cells
62
what are integrins?
adhesion receptors on neutrophils
63
what are chemotaxins?
chemotactic factors released by injured cells
64
what occurs during an acute inflammatory response?
capillaries widen to increase blood flow increased permeability of vessels causes fluid release into the tissues attraction of leukocytes to the site of injury a systemic response through fever and proliferation of leukocytes

Vet Microbio (12 decks)

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