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Immunology > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three levels of defense?

A

Level 1: Skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, cilia, lysozyme in tears,

Level 2: Macrophages, neutrophil.s, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
Complement system

Level 3: Adaptive immunity
Cellular (cytotoxic)
Humoral( Antibodies)

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2
Q

Which immunity has a fast nonspecific response, and has no memory?

A

innate immunity

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3
Q

List the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Swelling (tumor)
Pain (dolor)
Redness (rubor)
Heat (Calor)

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4
Q

What are the causes of inflammation

A

Injury
Pathogen
Chemical or radiation

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5
Q

What are the important role players of inflammation?

A

Microvasculature
Circulating blood cells
Immune cells n tissue
Cytokines (e.g. histamine and prostaglandins)

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6
Q

State function and location of mast cell

A

Mast cell: Secretes cytokines (e.g. Histamine, Heparin). Dilates BVs, starts the inflammatory response. Found in CTs and mucous membranes.

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7
Q

State function and location of macrophages

A

2.Macrophages: Phagocytic and stimulates response of other immune cells. Migrates from BVs into tissues.

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8
Q

State function and location of Natural killer cells

A

3.NK cells: Kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells. Circulates in blood and migrates into tissues.

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9
Q

State function and location of dendritic cells?

A

4.Dendritic cells: Antigen-presenting cell, thus it triggers adaptive immunity. Found in epithelial tissue, but migrates to the lymph nodes when activated.

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10
Q

State function and location of monocytes

A

5.Monocyte: Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation. Stored in spleen, moves through blood vessel to infected tissue.

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11
Q

Function and location of neutrophil

A
  1. Neutrophil: First responder at the site of infection or trauma. Releases toxins that kill or inhibit microorganisms. Recruits other immune cells to the site of infection. Migrates from blood vessels into tissues.
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12
Q

Function and location of Basophil

A
  1. Basophil: Responsible for defense against parasites. Releases histamines that cause inflammation and may be responsible for allergic reactions. Circulates in blood and migrates to tissues.
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13
Q

Function and location eosinophils

A

8.Releases toxins that kill bacteria and parasites by also causes tissue damage. Circulates in blood and migrates to tissue

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14
Q

Name the surveillance cells located in circulation

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages at tissue

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15
Q

Name surveillance cells located in tissues

A

Resident macrophages

Mast cells

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16
Q

How does the immune system know when the body is under attack?

A

The immune cells have PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors) which detect PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) which are found in invading pathogens

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17
Q

What are toll-like receptors and how do they work?

A

BINDS LIGAND
Toll like receptors are proteins found on the cell membrane and vesicles of immune cells. They are stimulated by different things found in the pathogen, e.g. flagellum.
When these receptors are activated, they send signals to the nucleus to activate a gene for the production of cytokines such as interferons, Interleukin 1, Tumor necrotic factor, etc. This enhances inflammation by:

Increasing phagocytosis
Increasing costimulatory molecules
Increasing immune cell migration
increasing antigen presentation

18
Q

What are NOD-like receptors?

A

They are receptors found on the inside of the cell (in the cytoplasm) and they pick up signals from inside the cell.
-They have similar outcomes as TLRs
TLRs and NLRs —-> Inflammasomes—–> Caspase 1——> Release of mature cytokines (IL-1 and IL-8)

19
Q

Name the inflammatory mediators
(TAKE ACTIVE PART ON RESPONSE TO INFLAMMATION)

A

Neutrophils and macrophages: cytokine release—–> recruitment and activation of other WBCs

Liver: Releases C reactive proteins for the complementary system

20
Q

List and state function of cytokines

A

Colony-stimulating factors: development and differentiation of immune cells from bone marrow precursors.

Interferons (IFN): IFN-α and IFN-β inhibit viral replication, IFN-γ regulates immune responses

Interleukins (IL): Communication between leukocytes.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family: Mixed collection of cytokines, promote inflammation (TNF-α and TNF-β), stimulate osteoclasts and bone resorption (osteoprotegerin).

Chemokines: cell movement in response to chemical stimuli

21
Q

How do interferons work?

A
  • They signal uninfected cells to destroy RNA and reduce protein synthesis.
  • They signal neighbouring infected cells to undergo apoptosis.
  • They activate immune cells
22
Q

What are the main functions of interferons?

A
  • Inhibits viral replication
  • Tumor surveillance
  • Alter expression of all cells to be resistant to infection
23
Q

What stimulates diapedesis?

A

Histamines and leukotrines produced by mast cells.

24
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils —-> form pseudopodia —-> encloses particle in chamber—–> forms phagosome
Macrophages —–> more powerful phagocytes —–> digest particles and extrude residual particles
Lysosomes digest engulfed particles

25
Q

What is in a phagosome?

A

Proteolytic enzymes
Lipases (macrophages)
Bactericidal agents
Oxidizing agents – superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl ions

26
Q

Where are resident macrophages found?

A 
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Lungs (alveolar macrophages)
Liver sinusoids
Spleen and bone marrow
Lymph nodes
27
Q

Describe the process of inflammation

A

Vasodilation of local blood vessels
Increased permeability of the capillaries, allowing leakage of large quantities of fluid into the interstitial spaces
Clotting of the fluid in the interstitial spaces because of increased amounts of fibrinogen and other proteins leaking from the capillaries
Migration of large numbers of granulocytes and monocytes into the tissue
Swelling of the tissue cells

Walling off –immediate effect via fibrinogen clots
1st line defense – resident macrophages (1st hour)
2nd line defense_ Neutrophil invasion – first few hours
3rd line defense- Secondary macrophage invasion – several days, monocytes need 8 hours to mature in tissue
4th line defense- Bone marrow takes 3-4 days to synthesize new granulocytes

28
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

Movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus

29
Q

Describe how neutrophils migrate from the blood vessels to the tissue

A 
Cytokines: TNF an IL-1
Adhesion molecules: Selectins and ICAM-1
Integrin on neutrophils – bind (margination)
Capillaries become “leaky” – diapedesis
Chemotaxis
30
Q

Describe pus formation

A 
Necrotic tissue
Dead macrophages and neutrophils
Tissue fluid
Tissue eventually autolyzes
End products abdorbed into lymph and surrounding tissue
31
Q

List the cells involved in allergy formation

A 
Basophils (in circulation)
Mast cells (tissue resident)
Histamine and Heparin
Propensity for IgE
Release eosinophil chemotactic factor

Eosinophils – parasitic infections
Collect in peribronchial tissues during asthma

32
Q

Functional cells in innate

A

Granulocytes, macrophages, mast, dendritic, natural killer
(EXCEPT T and B cells)

33
Q

Difference between toll-like and nod-like receptors

A

Toll-like: inside,cell membrane
Nod-like: inside,cytoplasm

34
Q

Interleukins released by TLR and NLR

A

IL1 and IL8

35
Q

Results after the release of cytokines (IL1 and 8)/ what does cytokines enhance

A

increased phagocytosis
cell migration
antigen presentation
stimulatory molecules

36
Q

Inflammation during chemotaxis

A

In response to a cut;
1. Mast cells release histamine (COULD ALSO E OTHER MEDIATORS, CYTOKINES) which cause
2. Dilation of blood vessels
3.Neutrophils and monocytes leave a cell
4. Monocytes mature to macrophages
5.Macrophages phagocytisise
6. Neutrophils invade
7.COMPLEMENT SYSTEM (opsonization)
8. Dendtritic cells

37
Q

Defense of inflammation

A
  1. Resident macrophages
  2. Neutrophil invade
  3. Secondary macrophage
  4. Granulocytes and monocytes
38
Q

Resident macrophages

A

Skin
Alveoli
Liver sinusoid
Spleen
Bone marrow

39
Q

Neutrophil invasion cytokines

A

TNF and IL-1

40
Q

Adhesion molecules of neutrophil invasion

A

CAM1 and selectin

41
Q

Main cells for innate immunity (inflammation)
SURVELIANCE

A

Mast cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Monocytes

Immunology (5 decks)

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