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Immunology > Innate Immune System Exam 1 > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In general, what three things is the innate immune system made of?

A

Complement proteins
Professional phagocytes
Natural killer cells

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2
Q

What is the main function of the complement system?

A

Act as chemical signals to attract phagocytes and make MACs

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3
Q

What are MACs?

A

Membrane attack complexes

Poke holes in bad guys

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4
Q

How many proteins are in the complement system?

A

About 20 proteins made in the liver

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5
Q

What are the 3 pathways in complement system?

A

Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway
Classical pathway

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6
Q

Of the complement system pathways, which are antibody independent?

A

Alternative pathway

Lectin pathway

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7
Q

In this pathway, the liver is showering the body with the production of complement proteins

A

Alternate pathway

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8
Q

In the alternate pathway, C3 (most abundant complement protein) floats around a spontaneously splits into what?

A

C3a and C3b

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9
Q

What are two events that will happen to C3b?

A

Get neutralized by water immediately

Or bind to a bad guy’s surface

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10
Q

When C3 binds to a bad guy, what sites will it attach to?

A

The amino or hydroxyl groups

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11
Q

What other complement protein attaches to C3b?

A

B to become C3Bb

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12
Q

What complement protein comes along and changes C3Bb?

A

D

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13
Q

What is the reason that C3bBb causes other C3 complement proteins to split?

A

To produce more C3bBb proteins to coat the invader

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14
Q

C2bBb interacts with C5 producing C5b which combines with what other complement proteins?

A

C6, C7, C8, and C9

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15
Q

When C5b combines with the other complement proteins, what is formed?

A

MACs

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16
Q

What is the purpose of C3a and C5a?

A

Attract and activate macrophages and neutrophils

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17
Q

What are the three protection proteins that act to make sure our cells are not destroyed?

A

MCP
DAF
Protectin

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18
Q

This protection protein turns C3b into an inactive form

A

MCP

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19
Q

This protection protein accelerates the destruction of convertase (C3bBb)

A

DAF

decay accelerating factor

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20
Q

This protection protein removes MACs before they drill holes

A

Protectin (CD59)

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21
Q

What is the name of the main protein in teh lectin activation pathway?

A

Mannose-binding lectin protein (MBL)

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22
Q

MLB binds to mannose to activate what system?

A

Complement system

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23
Q

Mannose is a monosaccharide found on the surfaces of what pathogens?

A

Yeasts
Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites

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24
Q

What are the two most important professional phagocytes?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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25
Q

Which phagocyte roams around tissue?

A

Macrophage

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26
Q

Which phagocytes is in blood and short-lived?

A

Neutrophils

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27
Q

What is the three stages of macrophages?

A

Resting
Activated or primed
Hyperactive

28
Q

Describe resting macrophages

A

Casually eating, slowly proliferating, expressing very few Class II MHCs, and can live for months in tissue

29
Q

When do macrophages enter the primed stage?

A

After receiving a signal that bad guys are in the area

30
Q

What chemical signal can prime a macrophage?

A

Interferon gamma

31
Q

When do macrophages enter the hyperactive stage?

A

After receiving a direct signal from a bad guy: LPS or mannose from a bacterial cell wall

32
Q

Describe the hyperactive stage in macrophages

A

Stops proliferating, grows larger to kill more cells, and emits cytokines

33
Q

In hyperactive macrophages, what two cells increase?

A

Lysosomes

ROS

34
Q

Besides eating bad guys, what else can a hyperactive macrophage do?

A

Dump its toxic contents on a bad guy

35
Q

When is a macrophage a garbage collector

A

Resting

36
Q

When is a macrophage an antigen presenting cell and killer

A

Activated

37
Q

When is a macrophage a viscous killer

A

Hyperactivated

38
Q

What is the most common WBC?

A

Neutrophil

20 billion in the blood

39
Q

What is the average life of a neutrophil?

A

Short, about 5 days

40
Q

Do neutrophils present antigens?

A

No

41
Q

Which cells present antigens?

A

Dendritic, macrophages, and B cells

42
Q

When neutrophils are signaled that bad guys are present, what is their strategy for exiting the blood?

A

Roll, stop, exit strategy

43
Q

What are the four adhesion molecules that allow neutrophils to exit the blood?

A

SEL
SLIG
ICAM
INT

44
Q

This is expressed by endothelial cells that line blood vessels after receiving alarm signals

A

Selectin SEL

45
Q

These are expressed on the surface of neutrophils

A

Selectin ligand SLIG

46
Q

These are expressed on lumen surface of capillary endothelial cells

A

Intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM

47
Q

These strongly bind to ICAM after being signaled to the surface of a neutrophil

A

Integrin INT

48
Q

What two molecules do macrophages release to let the neutrophil know that bad guys are present?

A

IL-1

TNF

49
Q

Capillary endothelial cells express this molecule, but it takes about 6 hours

A

Selectin SEL

50
Q

SEL on capillaries binds to this on the neutrophil

A

SLIG

51
Q

When integrin binds to this, the neutrophil stops

A

ICAM

52
Q

This is a term for squeezing through the cell wall

A

Diapedesis

53
Q

Which molecule is on the endothelial capillary cells at all times?

A

ICAM

54
Q

Which molecule is on the neutrophil at all times?

A

SLIG

55
Q

What two molecules must be expressed before neutrophils invade?

A

SEL and INT

56
Q

There are about 20 billion neutrophils where?

A

In blood

57
Q

What are three characteristics of neutrophils?

A

Incredible eaters
Emit harsh chemistry
Send out powerful signal molecules (TNF)

58
Q

What is another name for natural killer cells?

A

Lymphocytes

59
Q

Do natural killer cells live for a long or short period?

A

Short-lived (one week)

60
Q

What are two roles of natural killer cells?

A

Give off cytokines

Force cells to commit suicide

61
Q

This is part of natural killer cells that poke holes in the membrane and inject enzymes that cause the cell to die

A

Perforin

62
Q

This is part of the tumor necrosis family on a natural killer cell that binds and triggers apoptosis

A

Fas ligand

63
Q

These emit a don’t kill signal

A

MHC I receptors

64
Q

Describe the resting state of natural killer cells

A

Make some cytokines and can kill

65
Q

Describe the activated state of natural killer cells

A

Make many more cytokines and kill better

66
Q

List 4 signals that activate natural killer cells

A

Lack of MHCs
LPS (component of bac cell walls)
Interferon alpha
Interferon beta

Immunology (3 decks)

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