innate

Question 1

what is immunity

Answer 1

ability to fight infection or neutralize a toxin

Question 2

innate vs adaptive, which is nonspecific

Answer 2

innate

Question 3

what are the classes of innate defenses

Answer 3

physical, chemical, mechanical, cellular defenses

Question 4

describe the physical barriers

Answer 4

skin- tightly packed epithelial cells, protective keratin, shedding
mucus membranes- glycoproteins trap microbes, tears wash eyes, bacteriophages present in various mucus types

Question 5

describe the mechanical barriers

Answer 5

out body keeping microbes out or finding a way to expel them
examples- vomiting, urine, diarrhea, mucus production

Question 6

describe the chemical defenses

Answer 6

low pH- gastric juice destroys bacteria, earwax lowers pH, sebum forms protection barrier, vaginal excretions are low pH
lysozyme & lactoferrin- destroy cell walls

Question 7

how is our microbiota the first line of defense

Answer 7

resident microbes compete with pathogens for binding sites, vaginal microbiota compete with yeast, and fecal transplants

Question 8

what are the major features of the lymphatic system

Answer 8

lymph, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, red bone marrow

Question 9

what is lymph

Answer 9

clear fluid that transports microbes to the lymph nodes to be destroyed

Question 10

what are lymph nodes

Answer 10

where microbes are destroyed by macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 11

why does the lymphatic system lack normal microbiota

Answer 11

it would complicate the system because the LS is built to quickly remove and kill pathogens

Question 12

what are antimicrobial peptides

Answer 12

-nonspecific
interfere with pathogens and are broad spectrum microbial mediators

Question 13

what is the end goal of the complement system

Answer 13

to destroy microbes

Question 14

what is complement activation

Answer 14

when a complement precursor becomes functional

Question 15

what are the outcomes of complement activation

Answer 15

cytolysis, opsonization, inflammation

Question 16

what is cytolysis

Answer 16

proteins create a membrane attack complex and microbes burst

Question 17

what is opsonization

Answer 17

coating the microbe to promote a phagocytic cell to attach

Question 18

what is inflammation

Answer 18

blood vessels become more permeable

Question 19

what are cytokines

Answer 19

soluble proteins that act as a communication between cells

Question 20

what are the three types of cytokines

Answer 20

interleukins, chemokines, interferons

Question 21

what are interleukins

Answer 21

cytokines between leukocytes

Question 22

what are chemokines

Answer 22

induce migration of leukocytes

Question 23

what are interferons

Answer 23

interfere with antiviral activity, are host specific

Question 24

what are the four signs of inflammation and fever

Answer 24

redness, swelling (edema), pain, heat

Question 25

why does inflammation occur

Answer 25

to destroy harmful agent, limit the effect of an agent, or repair damaged tissue
activate proteins that cause increased permeability of blood vessels

Question 26

why can fever be beneficial

Answer 26

high temp- above optimal range for microbes, inactivate enzymes, increase rate of chemical processes, enhances phagocytosis, produces interferons

Question 27

what are the components of blood

Answer 27

erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
thrombocytes (platelets)
plasma

Question 28

what are natural killer cells

Answer 28

a type of WBC that are able to recognize and destroy infected or abnormal cells

Question 29

what is the process of migration of leukocytes to infected tissues

Answer 29

diapedesis or extravasation

Question 30

what are the PAMPs that allow leukocytes to recognize pathogens

Answer 30

flagellin, lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan, nucleic acids, lipopeptides

Question 31

how do phagocytes destroy pathogens

Answer 31

degrade the microbe components