Innate Flashcards

1
Q

Complement pathways have 3 parts:

A

1- Lectin Pathway
2- Classical Pathway
3- Alternative Pathway

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2
Q

Collection of circulating an ( membrane-associated proteins )that are important in defense against microbes is ……..

A

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

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3
Q

coats microbes

A

C3 (C3b)

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4
Q

What is the function of C3b ?

A

Bind microbes to phagocytes C3b receptors for C3b that are expressed on the phagocytes

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5
Q

………killed; process k/a

…………….

A

1- Raibdly

2- opsonization

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6
Q

They are always triggers ( after ) (antibodies )bind to microbes or other antigens.

A

Classical pathway

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7
Q

It is triggered (start) when (complement proteins) (C2,C3,C5,…) are activated on microbial surfaces.

A

Alternative Pathway

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8
Q

It is activated by (mannose-binding lectin (MBL) ) binds to terminal mannose that present on the surface of glycoproteins on the surface of microbes

A

Lectin Pathway

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9
Q

The complement system has………… c from …………..all of c system has own role
⭐ The most important two complements are………..

A

1- 9

2- (c1-c9)

3-

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10
Q

C3 is broken off to give ……….

A

C3a and C3b

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11
Q
All complement (a) go for…………..
- All complement (b) go for………..
A

1- inflammation

2- opsonization and phagocytosis

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12
Q

not all microbes can killed in early steps so it go to …………. Stage

A

late

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13
Q

On late step C5 is broken down into : …………..
. C5a: causes………….

and c6,c7,c8,c9 all of them together they make a……… ( كلام واجد )

A

1- C5a and C5b
2- inflammation
3-C5b and c6,c7,c8,c9 all of them together they make a hole (pore) inside the microorganism inside the microorganism Which lead to lysis of microbe then there is osmotic change and all the fluids inside the microbe goes out this called membrane attack complex (MAC)

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14
Q

there is osmotic change and all the fluids inside the microbe goes out this called…………

A

membrane attack complex (MAC)

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15
Q

Are examples of cytokines……..

A

interluekins, interferon

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16
Q

they send an inflammatory response to the blood vessel Then they mediate inflammation. ) قولي اسمcytokines (

A

tumor necrosis factor and (interleukin-1) with other chemokines

17
Q

IL-12 :…….
IFN:

TNF

A

interleukin-12

interferon- gamma TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

18
Q

Inside the blood vessel called monocytes when it goes outside we call it………..

A

macrophage

19
Q

Whenever the microorganism enter the body there are 2 types of responses
The 1st response is a …………
The 2nd response is………..

A

1- direct fight with white blood cell In the blood

2- in the tissue and fight with macrophages.

20
Q

The cellular event is a typical inflammatory response:
1-……………..: All of the cells are called, they are gathered in one place
2-……………….: engulf and killing of microorganisms
3-…………….. ) ختامها مسك (

A

1- Recruitment

2- Phagocytosis

3- destruction of microbes

21
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS AND DESTRUCTION OF MICROBES By 3 enzymes

A

1- Phagocyte Oxidase (ROS)
2- Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS)
3- Lysosomal Proteases

22
Q

(Ros) rapidly assembles in the………, mainly in……………, and converts molecular oxygen into……… and……….. These free radicals are called………….This enzyme has a role in……….

A

1- phagolysomal membrane

2- neutrophils

2-superoxide anion

3- free radicals

4- reactive oxygen species (ROS)

5- killing

23
Q

is produced mainly in macrophages, and catalyzes the conversion of arginine (an essential amino acid) to Nitric oxide (ON), also microbicidal substance
( substances that reduce the effect of microbes).

A

“inducible nitric oxide synthase”

24
Q

…………..have a role in breaking down the microbial proteins

A

Lysosomal Proteases,

25
Q

What can the Type I interfering do in the ( ANTIVIRAL DEFENSE ) ?

A

1- inhibit viral replication

2- induce an antiviral state, in which cells become resistant to infection

3- enhance the ability of NK
cells to kill infected cells by recognition of viral DNA by CDSs cytosolic DNA sensors.

4- induces autophagy.

5- increased apoptosis of
infected cells.

26
Q

Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) are produced by ………….

A

plasmacytoid dendritic cells and virus-infected cells

27
Q

Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) ( استجابةً) in response to………. and other sensors of viral nucleic acids.

A

1- intracellular TLR signaling

28
Q

Type I interferons bind to receptors on the……….. and………. cells and activate signaling pathways

A

1- infected

2- uninfected

29
Q

Type I interferons induce (4 اشياء ( ………

A

1- expression of enzymes that interfere with viral replication at different steps, including inhibition of viral protein translation
2- increasing viral RNA degradation.
3- inhibition of viral gene expression and virion assembly

4- Type I IFNs also increase the infected cell’s susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing

30
Q

EGULATION OF INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES by ….

A

MACROPHAGES
DENDRITIC CELLS
•IL 10
•IL 1

31
Q

In the feedback mechanism, signals that induce proinflammatory cytokine production also induce……………….
For example,…………… signaling stimulates expression of proteins called………………., which block the responses of cells to various cytokines, including IFNs.

A

expression of inhibitors of cytokine signaling.

TLR

supressors of
cytokine signaling (SOCS)
32
Q

How microbes protect themselves from phagocytosis and destruction?

A

1- By Resistance to phagocytosis

2- Resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes

33
Q

1- Resistance to phagocytosis by which organism?

2- Resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes by which organism ?

A

1- Pneumococci

2-Staphylococci

34
Q

1- what is the machanism of Resistance to phagocytosis

2- what is the machanism of Resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes ?

A

1- Capsular polysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis

2- Production of catalase, which breaks down reactive oxygen intermediates

35
Q

ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN STIMULATING ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES …………..

A
1- DEFENCE MECHANISM
2- WARN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 
3- ACTIVATE T AND B LYMPHOCYT 
 4- SIGNAL 1 : ANTIGEN
5- SIGNAL 2 : DAMAGED HOST CELL