Innate

Question 1

Complement pathways have 3 parts:

Answer 1

1- Lectin Pathway
2- Classical Pathway
3- Alternative Pathway

Question 2

Collection of circulating an ( membrane-associated proteins )that are important in defense against microbes is ……..

Answer 2

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

Question 3

coats microbes

Answer 3

C3 (C3b)

Question 4

What is the function of C3b ?

Answer 4

Bind microbes to phagocytes C3b receptors for C3b that are expressed on the phagocytes

Question 5

………killed; process k/a

…………….

Answer 5

1- Raibdly

2- opsonization

Question 6

They are always triggers ( after ) (antibodies )bind to microbes or other antigens.

Answer 6

Classical pathway

Question 7

It is triggered (start) when (complement proteins) (C2,C3,C5,…) are activated on microbial surfaces.

Answer 7

Alternative Pathway

Question 8

It is activated by (mannose-binding lectin (MBL) ) binds to terminal mannose that present on the surface of glycoproteins on the surface of microbes

Answer 8

Lectin Pathway

Question 9

The complement system has………… c from …………..all of c system has own role
⭐ The most important two complements are………..

Answer 9

1- 9

2- (c1-c9)

3-

Question 10

C3 is broken off to give ……….

Answer 10

C3a and C3b

Question 11

All complement (a) go for…………..
- All complement (b) go for………..

Answer 11

1- inflammation

2- opsonization and phagocytosis

Question 12

not all microbes can killed in early steps so it go to …………. Stage

Answer 12

late

Question 13

On late step C5 is broken down into : …………..
. C5a: causes………….

and c6,c7,c8,c9 all of them together they make a……… ( كلام واجد )

Answer 13

1- C5a and C5b
2- inflammation
3-C5b and c6,c7,c8,c9 all of them together they make a hole (pore) inside the microorganism inside the microorganism Which lead to lysis of microbe then there is osmotic change and all the fluids inside the microbe goes out this called membrane attack complex (MAC)

Question 14

there is osmotic change and all the fluids inside the microbe goes out this called…………

Answer 14

membrane attack complex (MAC)

Question 15

Are examples of cytokines……..

Answer 15

interluekins, interferon

Question 16

they send an inflammatory response to the blood vessel Then they mediate inflammation. ) قولي اسمcytokines (

Answer 16

tumor necrosis factor and (interleukin-1) with other chemokines

Question 17

IL-12 :…….
IFN:

TNF

Answer 17

interleukin-12

interferon- gamma TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

Question 18

Inside the blood vessel called monocytes when it goes outside we call it………..

Answer 18

macrophage

Question 19

Whenever the microorganism enter the body there are 2 types of responses
The 1st response is a …………
The 2nd response is………..

Answer 19

1- direct fight with white blood cell In the blood

2- in the tissue and fight with macrophages.

Question 20

The cellular event is a typical inflammatory response:
1-……………..: All of the cells are called, they are gathered in one place
2-……………….: engulf and killing of microorganisms
3-…………….. ) ختامها مسك (

Answer 20

1- Recruitment

2- Phagocytosis

3- destruction of microbes

Question 21

PHAGOCYTOSIS AND DESTRUCTION OF MICROBES By 3 enzymes

Answer 21

1- Phagocyte Oxidase (ROS)
2- Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS)
3- Lysosomal Proteases

Question 22

(Ros) rapidly assembles in the………, mainly in……………, and converts molecular oxygen into……… and……….. These free radicals are called………….This enzyme has a role in……….

Answer 22

1- phagolysomal membrane

2- neutrophils

2-superoxide anion

3- free radicals

4- reactive oxygen species (ROS)

5- killing

Question 23

is produced mainly in macrophages, and catalyzes the conversion of arginine (an essential amino acid) to Nitric oxide (ON), also microbicidal substance
( substances that reduce the effect of microbes).

Answer 23

“inducible nitric oxide synthase”

Question 24

…………..have a role in breaking down the microbial proteins

Answer 24

Lysosomal Proteases,

Question 25

What can the Type I interfering do in the ( ANTIVIRAL DEFENSE ) ?

Answer 25

1- inhibit viral replication

2- induce an antiviral state, in which cells become resistant to infection

3- enhance the ability of NK
cells to kill infected cells by recognition of viral DNA by CDSs cytosolic DNA sensors.

4- induces autophagy.

5- increased apoptosis of
infected cells.

Question 26

Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) are produced by ………….

Answer 26

plasmacytoid dendritic cells and virus-infected cells

Question 27

Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) ( استجابةً) in response to………. and other sensors of viral nucleic acids.

Answer 27

1- intracellular TLR signaling

Question 28

Type I interferons bind to receptors on the……….. and………. cells and activate signaling pathways

Answer 28

1- infected

2- uninfected

Question 29

Type I interferons induce (4 اشياء ( ………

Answer 29

1- expression of enzymes that interfere with viral replication at different steps, including inhibition of viral protein translation
2- increasing viral RNA degradation.
3- inhibition of viral gene expression and virion assembly

4- Type I IFNs also increase the infected cell’s susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing

Question 30

EGULATION OF INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES by ….

Answer 30

MACROPHAGES
DENDRITIC CELLS
•IL 10
•IL 1

Question 31

In the feedback mechanism, signals that induce proinflammatory cytokine production also induce……………….
For example,…………… signaling stimulates expression of proteins called………………., which block the responses of cells to various cytokines, including IFNs.

Answer 31

expression of inhibitors of cytokine signaling.

TLR

supressors of
cytokine signaling (SOCS)

Question 32

How microbes protect themselves from phagocytosis and destruction?

Answer 32

1- By Resistance to phagocytosis

2- Resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes

Question 33

1- Resistance to phagocytosis by which organism?

2- Resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes by which organism ?

Answer 33

1- Pneumococci

2-Staphylococci

Question 34

1- what is the machanism of Resistance to phagocytosis

2- what is the machanism of Resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes ?

Answer 34

1- Capsular polysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis

2- Production of catalase, which breaks down reactive oxygen intermediates

Question 35

ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN STIMULATING ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES …………..

Answer 35

1- DEFENCE MECHANISM
2- WARN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 
3- ACTIVATE T AND B LYMPHOCYT 
 4- SIGNAL 1 : ANTIGEN
5- SIGNAL 2 : DAMAGED HOST CELL