Innate Flashcards
Complement pathways have 3 parts:
1- Lectin Pathway
2- Classical Pathway
3- Alternative Pathway
Collection of circulating an ( membrane-associated proteins )that are important in defense against microbes is ……..
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
coats microbes
C3 (C3b)
What is the function of C3b ?
Bind microbes to phagocytes C3b receptors for C3b that are expressed on the phagocytes
………killed; process k/a
…………….
1- Raibdly
2- opsonization
They are always triggers ( after ) (antibodies )bind to microbes or other antigens.
Classical pathway
It is triggered (start) when (complement proteins) (C2,C3,C5,…) are activated on microbial surfaces.
Alternative Pathway
It is activated by (mannose-binding lectin (MBL) ) binds to terminal mannose that present on the surface of glycoproteins on the surface of microbes
Lectin Pathway
The complement system has………… c from …………..all of c system has own role
⭐ The most important two complements are………..
1- 9
2- (c1-c9)
3-
C3 is broken off to give ……….
C3a and C3b
All complement (a) go for………….. - All complement (b) go for………..
1- inflammation
2- opsonization and phagocytosis
not all microbes can killed in early steps so it go to …………. Stage
late
On late step C5 is broken down into : …………..
. C5a: causes………….
and c6,c7,c8,c9 all of them together they make a……… ( كلام واجد )
1- C5a and C5b
2- inflammation
3-C5b and c6,c7,c8,c9 all of them together they make a hole (pore) inside the microorganism inside the microorganism Which lead to lysis of microbe then there is osmotic change and all the fluids inside the microbe goes out this called membrane attack complex (MAC)
there is osmotic change and all the fluids inside the microbe goes out this called…………
membrane attack complex (MAC)
Are examples of cytokines……..
interluekins, interferon
they send an inflammatory response to the blood vessel Then they mediate inflammation. ) قولي اسمcytokines (
tumor necrosis factor and (interleukin-1) with other chemokines
IL-12 :…….
IFN:
TNF
interleukin-12
interferon- gamma TNF:
tumor necrosis factor
Inside the blood vessel called monocytes when it goes outside we call it………..
macrophage
Whenever the microorganism enter the body there are 2 types of responses
The 1st response is a …………
The 2nd response is………..
1- direct fight with white blood cell In the blood
2- in the tissue and fight with macrophages.
The cellular event is a typical inflammatory response:
1-……………..: All of the cells are called, they are gathered in one place
2-……………….: engulf and killing of microorganisms
3-…………….. ) ختامها مسك (
1- Recruitment
2- Phagocytosis
3- destruction of microbes
PHAGOCYTOSIS AND DESTRUCTION OF MICROBES By 3 enzymes
1- Phagocyte Oxidase (ROS)
2- Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS)
3- Lysosomal Proteases
(Ros) rapidly assembles in the………, mainly in……………, and converts molecular oxygen into……… and……….. These free radicals are called………….This enzyme has a role in……….
1- phagolysomal membrane
2- neutrophils
2-superoxide anion
3- free radicals
4- reactive oxygen species (ROS)
5- killing
is produced mainly in macrophages, and catalyzes the conversion of arginine (an essential amino acid) to Nitric oxide (ON), also microbicidal substance
( substances that reduce the effect of microbes).
“inducible nitric oxide synthase”
…………..have a role in breaking down the microbial proteins
Lysosomal Proteases,
What can the Type I interfering do in the ( ANTIVIRAL DEFENSE ) ?
1- inhibit viral replication
2- induce an antiviral state, in which cells become resistant to infection
3- enhance the ability of NK
cells to kill infected cells by recognition of viral DNA by CDSs cytosolic DNA sensors.
4- induces autophagy.
5- increased apoptosis of
infected cells.
Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) are produced by ………….
plasmacytoid dendritic cells and virus-infected cells
Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) ( استجابةً) in response to………. and other sensors of viral nucleic acids.
1- intracellular TLR signaling
Type I interferons bind to receptors on the……….. and………. cells and activate signaling pathways
1- infected
2- uninfected
Type I interferons induce (4 اشياء ( ………
1- expression of enzymes that interfere with viral replication at different steps, including inhibition of viral protein translation
2- increasing viral RNA degradation.
3- inhibition of viral gene expression and virion assembly
4- Type I IFNs also increase the infected cell’s susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing
EGULATION OF INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES by ….
MACROPHAGES
DENDRITIC CELLS
•IL 10
•IL 1
In the feedback mechanism, signals that induce proinflammatory cytokine production also induce……………….
For example,…………… signaling stimulates expression of proteins called………………., which block the responses of cells to various cytokines, including IFNs.
expression of inhibitors of cytokine signaling.
TLR
supressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)
How microbes protect themselves from phagocytosis and destruction?
1- By Resistance to phagocytosis
2- Resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes
1- Resistance to phagocytosis by which organism?
2- Resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes by which organism ?
1- Pneumococci
2-Staphylococci
1- what is the machanism of Resistance to phagocytosis
2- what is the machanism of Resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes ?
1- Capsular polysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis
2- Production of catalase, which breaks down reactive oxygen intermediates
ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN STIMULATING ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES …………..
1- DEFENCE MECHANISM 2- WARN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 3- ACTIVATE T AND B LYMPHOCYT 4- SIGNAL 1 : ANTIGEN 5- SIGNAL 2 : DAMAGED HOST CELL
