Injury and Adaptation Flashcards
What does swelling indicate
- repair
Examples of adaptation to injury
Hypertension - hypertrophy of cardiac muscle in response to having to pump harder
Pathological v Physiological atrophy
Pathological > ischaemia, endocrine disorders, nerve damage, lack of nutrition
Physiological > embryonic development, hormone withdrawal, ageing, lack of exercise
What are the types of adaptive growth patterns
Hypertrophy = increase in cell and tissue size
Hyperplasia = increase in cell numbers
Atrophy = decrease in cell size, number, tissue
Metaplasia = change in cell differentiation
Dysplasia = distorted growth pattern
Cell types
Labile = continuous cell proliferation
Stable = don’t normally proliferate but can
Permanent = no capacity to divide
Cause of injury and cell death
- lack of oxygen
- toxicity of chemicals/drugs
- mitochondrial damage
- free radical formation
- buildup of intracellular calcium
Difference between adaptation and cell death/injury
If cells are stressed > adapt
If they can’t > injury or death
What is cell death
- cells swell in response to injury
- revert back to normal if reversed
- if not > cell and organelles swell and rupture > release their contents
What are external causes of cell death
Trauma
Infection
Chemicals
Temp
Radiation
Internal causes of cell death
Anoxia - lack of O2
Immune reaction
Body chemicals
Metabolic products
What is gouty arthritis
- urate crystals form in jts
- pain and loss of function
- hard to attack so body tries to rope off area and leave it
Two types of cell death
Necrosis - cells swell and burst
Apoptosis - use genes to suicide, shrink and split into pockets of organelle
Effects on body - cell death
- pain
- nausea
- fatigue
- weakness
- lack of mobility
- lack of confidence
- muscle wasting
Body response to cell death
repair injury > regenerate tissue or rebuild with fibre (fibrosis)
Aim of inflammation
- wall of
- remove
- dilute
- start process of healing
Types of inflammation
Acute and chronic
Visual signs of inflammation
- heat
-redness - swelling
- pain and loss of function
Systemic signs of inflammation
- fever
- leukocytosis (more WBC)
- acute phase proteins
- sleepiness, hypotension
What is serous inflammation
Fluid
- leaking of fluid from blood vessels building under skin
e.g. blisters
Purulent inflammation
Pus
- neutrophils die in situ and cause pus
Mechanisms of inflammation
- changes in blood vessels
- increased fluid from vessels
- increased leukocytes
What is chemotaxis
Initiates inflammation response
- chemical substances released at sit of injury
- leads to mvt of inflammatory cells via chemical gradient
Acute v chronic cells
Acute > neutrophils
Chronic > macrophages (neutrophils that change with chronic inflammation)
Two types of harmful inflammation
Meningitis (inflammation in brain increases intracranial pressure)
Laryngitis (airway obstruction)
