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PE: Exercise Physiology > Injuries > Flashcards

Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

what is an acute injury?

A

a sudden injury caused by a specific impact or traumatic event where a sharp pain is felt immediately

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2
Q

what are the signs of an acute injury?
(6 points)

A

sudden/severe pain
swelling around the injured site
not being able to bear weight
restricted movement
extreme weakness
protruding bone or joint visibly out of place

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3
Q

what is a hard tissue injury?

A

damage to bone, joint or cartilage including fractures and dislocations
can result in internal bleeding, circulatory problems and joint instability

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4
Q

what is a soft tissue injury?

A

strains and sprains of muscles, tendons and ligaments
can result in in inflammation and bruising

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5
Q

what is a dislocation?

A

the displacement of one bone from another out of their original position
acute hard tissue injury

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6
Q

what is a fracture?

A

a partial or complete break in the bone due to excessive force that overcomes the bones potential to flex
acute hard tissue injury

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7
Q

what is a simple/closed fracture?

A

clean break to the bone that doesn’t penetrate through the skin
acute hard tissue injury

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8
Q

what is a compound/open fracture?

A

when soft tissue of skin has been damaged as a result of the fracture
acute hard tissue injury

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9
Q

what is a contusion?

A

an area of skin or tissue where where the blood vessels rupture
acute soft tissue injury

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10
Q

what is a haematoma?

A

localised congealed bleeding from the ruptured blood vessels

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11
Q

what is an abrasion?

A

superficial damage to the skin caused by a scraping action against a surface
acute soft tissue injury

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12
Q

what is a blister?

A

a pocket of fluid formed by the separation of layers of skin
acute soft tissue injury

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13
Q

what is a sprain?

A

an overstretch or tear in the ligament that connects bone to bone
acute soft tissue injury

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14
Q

what is a strain?

A

an overstretch or tear in the muscle or tendon that connects muscle to bone
acute soft tissue injury

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15
Q

what is a concussion?

A

a traumatic brain injury resulting in a disturbance of brain function
acute injury

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16
Q

what are the symptoms that clearly indicate a concussion?
(5 points)

A

post-traumatic seizure
loss of consciousness
balance problems
disorientation/confusion
dazed

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17
Q

what are the symptoms that may indicate a concussion?
(9 points)

A

lying motionless
slow to get up
grabbing head
headache
dizziness
visual problems
nausea
fatigue
light sensitivity

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18
Q

what is a chronic injury?

A

a slowly developed injury often reffered to as an over-use injury

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19
Q

what are the 3 signs of a chronic injury?

A

pain when exercising
dull ache when resting
swelling

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20
Q

what is a stress fracture?

A

a tiny crack in the surface of the bone caused by overuse
chronic hard tissue injury

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21
Q

what is shin splints?

A

chronic shin pain due to the inflammation of muscles and stress on the tendon attachments to the surface of the tibia
chronic soft tissue injury

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22
Q

what is tendinosis?

A

the deterioration of a tendon in response to chronic overuse and repetitive strain
chronic soft tissue injury

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23
Q

what is achilles tendinosis?

A

the deterioration and pain of the tendon in the heel due to overuse and repetitive strain
chronic soft tissue injury

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24
Q

what is tennis elbow?

A

tendon pain in the forearm due to chronic overuse and repetitive strain
chronic soft tissue injury

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25
Q

what are intrinsic risk factors?
(5 points)

A

risk of injury from within the body:
physical make-up
posture and alignment
previous injury
insufficient nutrition
age

26
Q

what training effects can increase the risk of injury?
(3 points)

A

poor preparation - running a marathon without training for it
inadequate fitness - intensity/duration/frequency of training are too high
inappropriate flexibility level - poor joint stability

27
Q

what are extrinsic risk factors?
(4 points)

A

risk of injury from outside of the body:
poor biomechanical training
incorrect equipment
inappropriate overload
lack of variance in training

28
Q

what is the importance of a warm up?
(4 points)

A

reduce the risk of injury by:
increasing the muscle elasticity
increasing muscle temperature
increasing heart rate
increasing blood flow to respiring muscles

29
Q

what is the 1st stage of the warm up?

A

performing cardiovascular exercise
e.g. jogging

30
Q

what is the 2nd stage of the warm up?

A

stretching/flexibility exercises

31
Q

what is the 3rd stage of the warmup?

A

sport specific drills

32
Q

what is the importance of a cool down?
(4 points)

A

helps active recovery:
removes waste products
flushes muscles with oxygenated blood
prevents blood pooling
prevents DOMS

33
Q

what is DOMS?

A

delayed onset of muscle soreness
pain and stiffness which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise

34
Q

how do you asses sporting injuries using SALTAPS?

A

STOP the game if a player is injured
ASK questions about the injury
LOOK at the injured sight for bruising/swelling/broken skin/bleeding/foreign objects/abnormalities
TOUCH to identify painful region of inflammation
ACTIVELY move the injured area without assistance
PASSIVELY move the injured area through its ROM
STRENGTH test - can they stand, lift or put pressure on the injured area

35
Q

how do you manage acute soft tissue injuries using PRICE?

A

PROTECT the injury e.g. splint
REST the injury allowing it time to heal
ICE to reduce inflammation and pain for 10 mins
COMPRESS the injury to reduce blood flow/swelling
ELEVATE the injury to reduce blood flow/swelling

36
Q

how do you respond to a concussion using the 6 Rs?

A

RECOGNISE that someone is concussed
REMOVE the player from play immediately
REFER to professional healthcare
REST the player until symptom free
RECOVER fully before returning to exercise (adults 1 week, children 2 weeks)
RETURN to play when symptom free

37
Q

what is rehabilitation?

A

the process of restoring full physical function after injury

38
Q

what are the 3 stages of rehabilitation?

A

acute phase
mid phase
later phase

39
Q

what occurs in the acute phase of rehabilitation?

A

complete rest

40
Q

how long is the acute phase of rehabilitation?

A

3 days

41
Q

what occurs in the mid phase of rehabilitation?
(3 points)

A

gentle rehab
heat therapy
gentle passive stretching

42
Q

how long is the mid phase of rehabilitation?

A

up to 2 weeks

43
Q

what occurs in the later stage of rehab?
(4 points)

A

focus on ROM
focus on strength
focus on coordination
PNF, static and passive stretching

44
Q

what is a sports massage?

A

prevent or relieve soft tissue injuries

45
Q

what are the benefits of sports massages?
(4 points)

A

increase blood flow so more oxygen to help repair any damage
removes lactic acid
relieves tension and pressure
breaks down scar tissue

46
Q

what is cold therapy?

A

to target minor aches and pains after intense exercise

47
Q

what are the advantages of cold therapy?
(5 points)

A

vasoconstriction reduces swelling
muscles have a greater ROM
decreases motor activity reducing spasms
pain reduced as nerve impulses are slowed
metabolic rate decreases

48
Q

what is cryotherapy?

A

using cold to treat injuries

49
Q

what are the advantages of cryotherapy?
(5 points)

A

vasoconstriction reduces swelling
muscles have a greater ROM
decreases motor activity reducing spasms
pain reduced as nerve impulses are slowed
metabolic rate decreases
quicker than cold therapy

50
Q

what is heat therapy?

A

applying heat to an area to reduce muscle tension and stiffness

51
Q

what is the advantage of heat therapy?

A

increases blood flow via vasodilation flushing oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the injured area decreasing recovery time

52
Q

what is contrast therapy?

A

the alternate use of cold therapy and heat therapy in the ratio of 1:4 minutes

53
Q

what type of injuries is heat therapy used on?
(2 points)

A

chronic injuries
late stage acute injuries

54
Q

what risks are associated with heat therapy?
(2 points)

A

increased swelling
burns

55
Q

what type of injuries is cold therapy used on?

A

acute injuries

56
Q

what are the risks associated with cold therapy?
(2 points)

A

ice burns
tissue and nerve damage if in contact for too long

57
Q

what type of injuries is contrast therapy used on?

A

acute injuries AFTER bleeding and inflammation has stopped

58
Q

what is the disadvantage of contrast therapy?

A

there is a limited benefit over cold therapy

59
Q

what is physiotherapy?

A

the physical treatment of injuries and disease using methods such as mobilisation, massage, exercise therapy and posture training

60
Q

what is an arthroscopy?

A

small incisions made and a camera is used to guide repair of cartilage and soft tissue

61
Q

what is open-surgery?

A

incision made to open a joint to repair or reconstruct structures

62
Q

how long is recovery from surgery usually?

A

6-7 months

PE: Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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