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Biology - Paper 2 > Inheritance, Variation And Evolution > Flashcards

Inheritance, Variation And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a variation

A

Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

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2
Q

What can cause variation

A

Genetic causes, environmental causes, and a combination of genes and environment

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3
Q

How do new phenotype variants occur

A

Mutations

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4
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Breeding plants and animals for particular characteristics

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5
Q

Process of selective breeding

A
  • choose parents with desired characteristic
  • breed them together
  • choose offspring with the desired characteristic and breed again
  • continue over many generations until all offspring show the desired characteristic
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6
Q

What are the consequences of inbreeding

A

Inherited defects and disease

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7
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

Modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

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8
Q

How have plant crops been genetically engineered

A

To be resistant to diseases/ herbicides/ pesticides, to produce bigger fruit and to give higher yields

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9
Q

How have bacteria been genetically engineered

A

To produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes

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10
Q

What are enzymes used for in genetic engineering

A

Cut out the required gene

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11
Q

What is used to transfer the required gene into the new cell in genetic engineering

A

Vector (bacterial plasmid or virus)

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12
Q

Steps involved in adult cell cloning

A
  • nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell
  • nucleus from adult body cell inserted into egg cell
  • electric shock stimulates egg cell to divide to form an embryo
  • embryo develops and is inserted into the womb of an adult female
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13
Q

What is tissue culture cloning

A

Using small groups of cells from plants to grow new identical plants

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14
Q

Why is tissue culture cloning of plants important

A

Preserve rare species and for growing plants commercially in nurseries

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15
Q

What is cutting as a cloning method

A

Simple method used by gardeners to produce many identical plants from a parent plant

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16
Q

Describe cloning through using embryo transplants

A

Cells split apart from a developing animal embryo before they are specialised, then the identical embryos are transplanted into host mothers

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17
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

Joining of male and female gametes

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18
Q

Why type of cell division in sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

What type of cell division for asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis

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20
Q

What is meiosis

A

Cell division that produces 4 daughter cells (gametes) each with a single set of chromosomes

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21
Q

Male and female sex chromosomes for humans

A

Male - XY, Female - XX

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22
Q

How can plants reproduce asexually

A

Bulb division or runners

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23
Q

What is DNA

A

Polymer made of chains of 4 different nucleotides

24
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of

A

Sugar, phosphate, and of of the 4 bases

25
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

2 complementary strands of nucleotides forming a double helix

26
Q

What is a gene

A

Small section of DNA that codes that codes for a particular amino acid sequence, to make a specific protein

27
Q

How many bases code for an amino acid

A

3

28
Q

Which bases pair in complementary DNA strands

A

C with G, T with A

29
Q

What is the function of non coding DNA

A

Switch genes on and off to control their expression

30
Q

What are alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

31
Q

What is a recessive allele

A

Allele that need to be present twice to be expressed

32
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

Allele that is always expressed even if only one copy is present

33
Q

What is a genome

A

The entire genetic material of an organism

34
Q

Define the term homozygous

A

2 of the same alleles present in an organism

35
Q

Define the term heterozygous

A

2 different alleles present in an organism

36
Q

Where in the cell are proteins made

A

On the ribosomes

37
Q

What type of allele causes polydactyl

A

Dominant

38
Q

What type of allele causes cystic fibrosis

A

Recessive allele

39
Q

How many chromosomes do normal human body cells have

A

23 pairs

40
Q

What is evolution

A

Change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through natural selection, which may result in a new species

41
Q

Who first proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

42
Q

What is the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

All species of living things evolved from a common ancestor that developed billions of years ago

43
Q

Describe Lamarck’s idea of inheritance

A

Organisms change over their lifetimes and these characteristics can be inherited

44
Q

Why was the theory of evolution by natural selection controversial

A
  • challenged the idea that god made all of earths animals and plants
  • insufficient evidence
  • genes, inheritance and variation were not understood
45
Q

What is speciation

A

Gradual formation of a new species as a result of evolution

46
Q

What evidence supports the theory of evolution

A

-parents pass on their characteristics to offspring in genes
- fossil record evidence
- evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria

47
Q

What did Mendel discover from breeding experiments on plants

A

Inheritance of characteristics is determined by units passed on unchanged to offspring

48
Q

What are fossils

A

Remains of organisms from billions of years ago, found in rocks

49
Q

How might fossils be formed

A
  • parts of an organism do not decay because the conditions needed for decay are absent
  • traces of an organism are preserved
  • parts of an organism are replaced by minerals
50
Q

What are the benefits of the fossil record

A

Can learn how species changed and life developed on earth, and track the movement of species across the world

51
Q

What are the problems with the fossil record

A
  • many early organisms were soft bodied so left few fossils
  • gaps in the fossil record as not all fossils have been found and some have been destroyed
52
Q

What is extinction

A

No individuals of a species are still alive

53
Q

What is the binomial system

A

Naming of organisms by their genus and species

54
Q

What classification system did Carl Woese introduce

A

Three domain system of archae, bacteria and eukaryota

55
Q

Why can bacteria evolve rapidly

A

They reproduce at a fast rate

56
Q

How do antibiotic resistant bacteria develop

A

Mutations that allow the strain to survive and reproduce

Biology - Paper 2 (3 decks)

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