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GCSE Biology Paper 2H (AQA) > Inheritance, Variation and Evolution > Flashcards

Inheritance, Variation and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What does asexual reproduction involve?

A

No fusion of gametes.
Production of genetically identical offspring (clones).
Only one parent.
Mitosis is involved.

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2
Q

What are ways are ways organisms can reproduce asexually?

A

Some plants send out runners, like strawberry plants.
Some plants produce bulbs.
Many fungi reproduce asexually using spores.
Malarial protists produce asexually when they are in the human host.

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3
Q

What are plant gametes?

A

Pollen and egg cells in flowering plants.

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4
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes from meiosis.

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5
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes from mitosis.

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6
Q

What is the name for the formation of gametes?

A

Meiosis.

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7
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

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8
Q

What does a gene do?

A

Code for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein.

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9
Q

What is the genome of an organism?

A

The entire genetic material of that organism.

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10
Q

How can studying the human genome be useful?

A

Doctors can search for genes linked to different types of disorders.
Helps scientists understand inherited disorders, and therefore how to treat them.
Scientists can investigate how humans may have changed over time.

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11
Q

Why does an individual always have two alleles for one gene?

A

One from the mother, one from the father.

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12
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The combination of alleles present in a gene (genetic appearance).

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13
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

How the alleles are expressed (physical appearance)

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14
Q

What is homozygous?

A

When the two alleles present are the same (both upper case, or both lower case).

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15
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

When the two alleles present are different (one upper case, one lower case).

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16
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance?

A

When only one gene is involved in controlling characteristics.

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17
Q

Why is monohybrid inheritance different to other ways genes work together?

A

As monohybrid inheritance only involves one gene and most other characteristics will be controlled by several genes working together.

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18
Q

Is polydactyly caused by a dominant or recessive allele?

A

Dominant allele.

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19
Q

What are examples of disorders caused by a recessive allele?

A

Cystic fibrosis.

Being ginger.

20
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A disorder of cell membranes caused by a recessive allele.

21
Q

What are the sex chromosomes?

A

The pair of chromosomes which determine the sex of an organism.

22
Q

How is the sex of an organism decided? (Talk about sperm.)

A

If an X sperm fertilises the egg, it will be a female. If a Y sperm fertilises the egg, it will be a male.

23
Q

What are disadvantages of foetal screening tests for genetic disorders?

A

They can be harmful for the foetus when removing foetal cells to test.

24
Q

What is variation in a population?

A

Differences in the characteristics of individuals.

25
Q

What causes variation in a population?

A

Genes that an individual has inherited (genetic).
Conditions in which the individual has developed (environment).
A combination of both genetic and environmental causes.

26
Q

What is evolution?

A

The gradual change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time.

27
Q

How are new species formed?

A

When two populations of one species become so different that the can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

28
Q

How might fossils be formed?

A

From hard parts of animals that do not dec ay easily.
From parts of organisms that have not decayed due to an absence of conditions to do so.
When parts of an organism are replaced by other materials when they decay.
As preserved traces of organisms, like footprints, burrows and root pathways.

29
Q

Why are there gaps in the fossil record?

A

Many forms of life were soft-bodied, so very few traces left.
Some traces may have been destroyed by geological activity.

30
Q

What are ancient examples of selective/artificial breeding?

A

Domesticating wild animals.

Getting food crops from wild plants.

31
Q

What are some disadvantages of selective breeding?

A

It can lead to inbreeding, whereupon there is an increased chance of genetic disorders or inherited defects.

32
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Changing the characteristics of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism.

33
Q

Describe the process of genetic engineering.

A

Enzymes are used to isolate the required gene.
This gene is inserted into a vector (like a bacterial plasmid).
The vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells.

34
Q

What happens in genetic engineering if the gene is placed into embryonic cells?

A

All the cells in that organism will acquire the same gene.

35
Q

Why are some people concerned about genetically modified (GM) crops?

A

Possible long-term effects on populations of wild flowers and insects and human health (if they crops have been consumed).

36
Q

What are useful examples of genetic engineering?

A

Some fungi or bacterial cells have been modified to produce useful substances (like human insulin to treat type 1 diabetes).
It may also be possible to prevent or cure inherited diseases.

37
Q

What was Carl Linnaeus’ classification of living things?

A

kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species

38
Q

Create a pneumonic for Linnaeus’ classification.

A

Kate, Please Come Over For Great Sex

39
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

How organisms are named in Latin. Their names are created with their genus, followed by their species.

40
Q

Why were new models of classification proposed?

A

Microscopes improved, so scientists learnt more about cells.

Biochemical processes became better understood.

41
Q

Who created the three-domain system?

A

Carl Woese.

42
Q

What is the three-domain system divided into?

A

Archaea, bacteria, eukaryota.

43
Q

What is archaea?

A

Primitive bacteria, usually living in extreme environments.

44
Q

What are examples of eukaryota?

A

Protists, fungi, plants and animals.

45
Q

What might extinction be caused by?

A

Changes to the environment over geological time.
New predators.
New diseases.
New, more successful competitors.
A single catastrophic event, such as a volcanic eruption or an asteroid collision.

46
Q

What are evolutionary trees?

A

A method for scientists to see how they think organisms are related.

GCSE Biology Paper 2H (AQA) (3 decks)

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