Inheritance

Question 1

whats a gene mutation

Answer 1

• Biochemical error in the copy of the genome – changes dna sequence
• Insertions and deletions
• Can look at dna sequence variation to distinguish species from one another

Question 2

who introduced the concept of the gene

Answer 2

Wilhelm Johannsen
Coined in the 1900s

Question 3

who gave us an understanding of hereditary and how

Answer 3

Gregor Mendel
- People knew offspring resembled parents – no one knew how it worked
- Runs controlled breeding experiments with pea plants – shows blending inheritance

Question 4

whats an allele and its different kinds

Answer 4

• Allele = one of the different forms of a gene that can exist
• Homozygote = an individual with an identical pair of alleles for a particular gene (AA or aa)
• Heterozygote = an individual with a different pair of alleles for a particular gene (Aa)

Question 5

Mendel’s laws

Answer 5

• Law 1 – the 2 members of a gene pair segregate from each other into sex cells, so that each sex cell carries one half of the pair
• Law 2 – genes for different traits are inherited independently of one another

Question 6

whats used to to determine what offspring will look like

Answer 6

Punnett squares

Question 7

explain alleles in the ABO blood system context

Answer 7

• ABO bs Adds a fifth sugar to the chain of 4 sugars on the red blood cell
• A is dominant to O – produces functional enzyme to put A sugars over the red blood cell, O allele does nothing – leads to type A blood
• A and B are co dominant – both put their sugars over the blood cell – AB blood
• O does not have the enzyme to put its sugars everywhere – need two O alleles for type O blood

Question 8

who is Paul Broca

Answer 8

• Broca’s area – brain location responsible for language
• Hybridization – biological incompatability
• Worries about social progress and reproduction between people from different places

Question 9

who is Francis Galton

Answer 9

• Darwin’s cousin
• Inheritance – intelectual capabilities of high intelegence should breed
• Invent IQ tests
• Twin studies - showed genetic factors play significant role in determining characteristics

Question 10

why are Humans poor as experimental organisms

Answer 10

very long generational time - take a longer time to reproduce

Question 11

what is destinctive about humans knowledge about genes

Answer 11

Know more about the disorders than the normal – genes normally names after the mutation e.g. microcephaly (small brain)

Question 12

what is Cystic fibrosis

Answer 12

mutations in gene disrupts ion movement in cells
- deterministically causitive

Question 13

what is Crohns disease

Answer 13

Inflamative bowel
- >200 genes involved in likehood of developing – probalistically causative not determanistically causative
- Hereditory

Question 14

2 examples of Atypical variation

Answer 14

• marfan syndrome, achondroplastic dwarfism
• Achrondroplasia – inability to covert cartilage to bone – bones don’t grow – only know what the gene is doing in this disorder, not its function normally

Question 15

what is GWAS

Answer 15

genome wide association study
- Measures the characteristic youre looking at – does the genetics explain any of the differences in this characteristic

Question 16

GWAS on height

Answer 16

• Nearly 600 people
• Only found genetic variation that would account for 5% of observed variation - environment has impact

Question 17

what is Bombay phenotype (ABO blood system)

Answer 17

homo recessive = absence of fourth sugar e.g. A allele enzyme - do not express A, B, or H antigens on the surface of their red blood cells – functionally type O blood

Question 18

study done on genes and behaviour

Answer 18

• 4 dimensions of personality:
  Novelty seeking
  Harm avoidance
  Reward dependence
  Persistence
• Questionaire to >5000 people
• 1.2 million genetic variants
• Couldn’t explain the variation on basis of genetics

Question 19

example of genetics and metal health

Answer 19

• 5-HRRLPR variant of SLC6A4 gene – more at risk of developing depression from traumatic events and less likely to recover

Question 20

explain the Variation of cAMP gene experiment

Answer 20

• Everyone has cAMP gene - comes in different varietys:
  -A/A - poor aerobic exercise capacity and endurance
  -A/G- increased body temp during exercise
  -G/G - fewer cardiovascular improvements from exercise
• Measure 116 people on:
  -Endurance;
  When does it start to get hard?
  When you feel hot
  When do u give up
  -CO2:O2 exchange rate
  -Volume of air pumped
• People lied to about if they have protective or at high risk

Question 21

Variation of cAMP gene experiment RESULTS

Answer 21

• People lied to about if they have protective or at high risk
• people told they were at high risk gave up earlier
• Being told lies overpowers the gene