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Biology > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromosome condenses
centrosome moves to opposite poles
Nucleolus disappears
Nuclear envelope disappears
Spindle fiber begins to form
Bivalent forms
Crossing over

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2
Q

Metaphase I

A

Centrosome reaches opposite poles
Spindle fiber fully formed
Attaches to centromere
Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes

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3
Q

Anaphase I

A

Microtubule spindle shortens
centromere Donot divide
Homologous chromosome separates

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4
Q

Telophase I

A

Homologous chromosome reaches opposite poles
Remaining spindle fiber broken down
Nucleolus reappears
Nuclear envelope reforms
chromosomes decondenses

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5
Q

Cytokinesis

A

2n→ n+n
Number chromosomes halved
Forms haploid cells

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6
Q

How does mitosis cause genetic variation

A

Crossing over
Independent assortment
Mutation
Fertilization

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7
Q

How does mitosis cause genetic variation

A

Crossing over
Independent assortment
Mutation
Fertilization

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8
Q

Crossing over

A

At chiasmata
Between non sister chromatids
Linkage group breaks
Exchange of genetic material
New combination of alleles
Prophase I

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9
Q

Independent assortment

A

Metaphase I
Each pair lines up independently from one another
Genetically unique gametes

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10
Q

Mutation

A

Change in base sequence of nucleotides
Deletion insertion substitution

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics
Physical makeup

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12
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles possessed by an organism

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13
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles

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15
Q

Dominant allele

A

Expressed in the phenotype even when only one copy of the allele is present
Expressed for both homozygous and heterozygous of the allele

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16
Q

Recessive allele

A

Expressed only when both copies of the allele is present
expressed only in homozygous of the allele

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17
Q

homologous Chromosome

A

pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell one from mother one from father
Same size but may have different alleles

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18
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

X and Y chromosomes

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19
Q

Genes

A

Length of a DNA that codes for a polypeptide chain (specific DNA sequence)

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20
Q

Linked genes

A

All genes on the same chromosomes in a linkage group

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21
Q

Diploid cells

A

Having two sets of chromosomes
2n
Somatic cells
46 in humans

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22
Q

Haploid cells

A

Having one set of chromosome
Gametes
23 in humans

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23
Q

Why reduction division?

A

To produce Gametes with haploid number of chromosomes
To maintain diploid number of cells in each generation
Genetic variation in offsprings

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24
Q

Test cross

A

To identify exact genotype of a dominant
phenotype
Cross with a homozygous recessive
If homozygous: all offsprings have dominant phenotype
If heterozygous: some dominant some recessive

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25
Q

Pure bred

A

Homozygous individuals
Always produces offsprings with same genotype

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26
Q

F1 generation

A

First filial generation

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27
Q

F2 generation

A

Second filial generation
Offsprings result of self pollination or cross of F1

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28
Q

Dyhybrid inheritance

A

Cross of 2 genes at once
2 genes codes for different traits
On different chromosomes

29
Q

Mendelian genetics

A

Laws of segregation
Laws of independent assortment
Laws of dominance

30
Q

Law of segregation

A

During gamete formation alleles for each gene segregate from one another independently (anaphase I) so that each gamet carries only one allele for each gene.

31
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

During metaphase I, chromosomes line up independently from one another.
Different traits gene segregate independently during gamete formation

32
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

During metaphase I, chromosomes line up independently from one another.
Different traits gene segregate independently during gamete formation

33
Q

Law of dominance

A

Organism with at least one dominant allele will display effect of dominant allele

34
Q

Autosomal linkage

A

Genes located on the same chromosome
allele on gene one and gene two are inherited together

35
Q

Crossing over in autosomal linkage

A

Possible to get all phenotypes

36
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Statement to assume there is no significant difference between 2 sets of data

37
Q

Substitution

A

Silent
Missense
Nonsense

38
Q

Silent

A

Codon still codes for same amino acid

39
Q

Nonsense

A

Stop codon is introduced

40
Q

Missense

A

Codon codes for different amino acid

41
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Inherited blood disorder
Affects structure of hemoglobin
Substitution in gene coding for B globin
Different 6th amino acid polypeptide
Chain
Codominant

42
Q

Symptoms of SCA

A

hemoglobin becomes less soluble
Sickle shape
Carries less oxygen:
Breaks down faster
Sticks to capillaries

43
Q

Albinism

A

Autosomal recessive inheritance
Melanin missing from eye
Autosomal linkage in TYR gene
Codes for tyrosinase
Tyrosine → dopa → melanin

44
Q

Symptoms of albinism

A

Pale skin
Pale hair
Pink eyes
Poor vision
Jerky eyes movement

45
Q

Hemophilia

A

Sex linked
X-linked recessive mutation
Factor VIII

46
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

HIIT gene
Autosomal dominant mutant

47
Q

Huntington’s disease symptoms

A

Involuntary movement
Mood changes
Brain cells lost

48
Q

Hemophilia symptoms

A

Reduces blood clotting
Excessive bleeding
Large bruises
Internal seeding

49
Q

Gene expression

A

Process where gene is being transcribed to mRNA and translated to protein

50
Q

Gene regulation

A

Enables gene expression to take place in specific cell at a specific time
Constitutive protein
Switched on:
- no wastage of resource
- no expression of protein that may interfere

51
Q

Structural genes

A

Codes for protein needed for cell structure
Eg: protein forming parts of cell

52
Q

regulatory gene

A

Codes for regulatory protein that controls gene expression
Activators
Repressors

53
Q

Repressible gene

A

Synthesis inhibited when:
- repressors binds to operators
- stops binding of RNA polymerase

54
Q

Inducible gene

A

Synthesis takes place:
- binds to regulatory gene (repressors) inhibiting it to bind with operator
-Gene gets switched on

55
Q

Operons

A

Found in prokaryotes
Makes up unit of gene expression in prokaryotes

56
Q

Promoter

A

Where RNA polymerase binds

57
Q

Operator

A

Where repressor protein binds

58
Q

Lac operon

A

Codes for 3 repressible, inducible enzymes
Lac z
Lac y
Lac A

59
Q

Lac z

A

Codes for B- galactosidase

60
Q

Lac y

A

Codes for permease

61
Q

Lac A

A

Codes for transacetylase

62
Q

Lac I: regulatory gene

A

Codes for repressor protein
Has 2 binding site

63
Q

Lactose present

A

Lactose binds to repressor
Changes shape of protein, becomes inactive
Cannot bind to DNA
RNA can move through operator
transcription takes place
gene switched on

64
Q

Lactose absent

A

Repressor binds to operator
RNA polymerase cannot pass through
Transcription does not take place
Gene switched Off

65
Q

Benefits of lac operon

A

Allows bacteria To produce 3 enzymes only when lactose is available
All three enzymes will be produced in equal amounts
Avoid wastage of materials

66
Q

General tfs

A

Forms part of protein complex that binds to promotor region with RNA polymerase

67
Q

Transcription factor functions

A

Activates genes in sequence
Encourages transcription
Determines sex in mammals
Responds to environmental stimuli
Regulates cell cycle
Responds to hormones

68
Q

Without GA (giberellin)

A

Tf is attached to Della protein
Tf cannot bind to DNA

69
Q

With GA ( gibberellin)

A

Destroys Della protein
Tf to binds DNA
Recruits RNA polymerase to bind to DNA
gene get switched on

Biology (5 decks)

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