Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

What are Gregor Mendel laws?

A
  • law of segregation: for any particular trait the alleles sepinheritedarate during gamete formation and are passed from each parent into the offspring.
    -Law of independent assortment: The alleles are passed on to the offspring independently from the alleles for other genes.this results in new allele combinations of genes from the parents.
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3
Q

The structure of DNA

A

DNA was not discovered until the 1950’s and it’s structure was unknown until James Watson and Francis crick (with help from Rosalind Franklin) identified it.

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4
Q

Homologous pairs

A

The chromosomes in a homologous pair each have the same genes in the same order, but there may be variation between them, resulting in different alleles.

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5
Q

Probability

A

The chance that an event will happen and is expressed as a fraction or percentage.

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6
Q

What are the patterns of inheritance?

A

Dominant and recessive alleles, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles and codominance, sex-linked inheritance: X- linked genes, polygenic inheritance.

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7
Q

Dominant and recessive alleles

A

Included in simple inheritance. One gene determines the phenotype.

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8
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

A form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype.

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9
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Two or more genes interact to determine a phenotype.

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10
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

Genes located on the sex chromosomes.

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11
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Three or more different alleles that a particular trait has

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12
Q

Co-dominance

A

Offspring receives a mixture of characteristics of both parental genes, irrespective of dominant or recessive genes.

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13
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

An autosomal recessive disease. The gene affected is located on an autosomal chromosome; the individual must have two copies of the recessive allele to have cystic fibrosis.

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14
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Caused by a defective gene on chromosome #4. It is an autosomal dominant disease. There is a CAG repeat and it tends to increase as it is passed down in families. The more CAG repeats the worse the disease.

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15
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The inheritance pattern in which heterozygous alleles produce a phenotype that is different from the homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive phenotypes.
RR x rr = Rr

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16
Q

Rh factor

A

An antigen on RBC membrane. If Rh is present on the membrane, a person is Rh+. If Rh is not present on the membrane, the person is Rh-.

17
Q

Blood typing

A

Ia,Ia or Iai (AA or AO)
Ib, Ib or Ibi (BB or BO)
ii ( OO)
Ia, Ib ( AB)

18
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

XN - normal
Xn- colorblind
XNXn- is a female w/ normal vision (carrier)
XnY - male that is color blind
XnXn- female that is color blind
XNXN- female w/ normal vision

19
Q

Pentrance

A

The probability that a person carrying a disease associated genotype will develop the disease within a given time frame.

20
Q

Variable expressively

A

Some genetic diseases have different signs a symptoms in individuals.

21
Q

Pleitrophy

A

The phenomenon in which one gene causes several effects. The protein formed from one gene has different functions in multiple tissues.

22
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work.

23
Q

Methylation

A

A chemical reaction in the body where a small molecule called a methyl group gets added to DNA, proteins, or other molecules.

24
Q

Demethylation

A

The chemical process resulting in the removal of a methyl group (CH3) from a molecule.

25
Q

Epigentic inheritance

A

Means that a parents experiences, in the form of epigenetic tags, can be passed down to future generations.

26
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Mitochondrial genes are inherited by the mother

27
Q

Eugenics

A

The selection of desired heritable characteristics in order to improve future generations, typically in reference to humans.