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Anesthesiology > Inhaled Anesthetic Agents > Flashcards

Inhaled Anesthetic Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors that affect uptake of an anesthetic agent into the bloodstream?

A
  1. Alveolar-venous partial pressure difference
  2. Blood-gas coefficient
  3. Cardiac output
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2
Q

What MAC value prevents response to a surgical stimulus in 97% of patients? 99% of patients?

A

97%: 1.2 MAC

99%: 1.3 MAC

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3
Q

Name the MAC values and blood-gas coefficients of Sevo, Des, Iso, and N2O

A

Sevo: 2.0 MAC, b-g: 0.63
Des: 6.0 MAC, b-g: 0.42
Iso: 1.14 MAC, b-g: 1.4
N2O: 104 MAC, b-g: 0.47

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4
Q

How do right-to-left intracardiac shunts affect inhalation inductions?

A

Slows them down (dilution of pulmonary blood entering the left side of the heart with venous blood that has no inhaled anesthetics)

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5
Q

How does cardiac output affect speed of induction?

A

Increased CO = slower onset of induction (blood spends less time with alveoli to pick up gas)

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6
Q

What is the Meyer-Overton Hypothesis?

A

Lipid-solubility hypothesis: anesthesia is produced when sufficient numbers of molecules disrupt neuronal lipid membranes, causing anesthesia (outdated)

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7
Q

What is the critical volume hypothesis?

A

Anesthesia occurs when anesthetic agents cause lipid-membrane expansion, disrupting membrane-protein function (at critically relevant concentrations)

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8
Q

How do inhaled anesthetics affect the CNS?

A

Potentiate inhibitor neurotransmission (GABA or glycine) and inhibit excitatory transmissions (NMDA) both presynaptically and postsynaptically

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9
Q

Describe the concentrating effect of anesthetic gases

A

As the inhalation agent is taken up by the blood, the total lung volume is decreased by the amount of gas taken up by the blood, concentrating the agent remaining within the lung

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10
Q

Describe the second-gas effect

A

The uptake of a first gas reduces the total gas volume, increasing the concentration of the second gas via the concentrating effect.

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11
Q

With what anesthetic gases does the concentrating effect play more of a role? The second-gas effect?

A

Concentrating: less soluble agents (i.e. Des or N2O)

Second-gas: more soluble second gas agents (i.e. Iso)

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12
Q

At higher altitudes, how would an inhalation agent differ in its effect?

A

The same concentration would exert a lower partial pressure within the alveolus and have a reduced anesthetic effect.

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13
Q

What is the standard stimulation used to define MAC in humans?

A

Skin incision

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14
Q

How do opioids/benzos/barbs/propofol, ketamine, alpha-2 agonists, IV local anesthetics, amphetamines, ephedrine affect MAC?

A

Amphetamines and ephedrine increased MAC; the rest decrease MAC

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15
Q

How does acute vs. chronic EtOH affect MAC?

A

Acute: decreases MAC
Chronic: increases MAC

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16
Q

At what age is MAC the highest? How can you estimate MAC in the elderly?

A

3-6 months of age

MAC decreases 6% per decade of life after age 40

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17
Q

How does hypothermia, hypotension, hypoxemia, anemia, and sepsis affect MAC?

A

Decreases MAC

18
Q

How does MAC change with temperature?

A

Decreases linearly with decreasing temperatures; 1C decrease reduces anesthetic requirement by 4-5%

19
Q

Does sex or patient size affect MAC?

A

No

20
Q

What is MAC-bar?

A

The MAC necessary to blunt adrenergic response in 50% of patients with skin incision (1.7-2.0 MAC)

21
Q

What is MAC-awake?

A

The MAC at which half of patients will open their eyes to command (hypnotic potency, 0.3-0.5 MAC)

22
Q

In general, what limits the uptake of anesthetic gases into the blood?

A

For highly soluble agents (i.e. ether), uptake is limited by ventilation. For poorly soluble agents (i.e. N2O), uptake is limited by blood flow.

23
Q

Is the impact of a right-to-left shunt greater with anesthetic agents with higher or lower solubility?

A

Lower solubility (since uptake is limited by blood flow and essentially you dilute out the very little anesthetic that is in the blood)

24
Q

How does a left-to-right shunt affect speed of induction?

A

Little change if systemic blood flow is normal

25
Q

Which would decrease volatile anesthetic uptake: increased B/G coefficient, decreased CO, decreased partial pressure of the anesthetic in blood, increased partial pressure of anesthetic in alveolus, decreased pulmonary shunting?

A

Decreased cardiac output; this is asking about uptake and not speed of induction

26
Q

How would mainstem intubating a patient affect speed of induction? What type of agents (soluble vs. insoluble) would be more affected?

A
  1. Delay it because you have increased pulmonary shunting (blood that does not participate in gas exchange which dilutes the concentration of anesthetic in the arterial blood leaving the alveoli)
  2. Soluble agents are less affected
27
Q

Comparing 6% to 2% sevoflurane, which is true: FA will approximate FI quicker at 6% than 2%, FA will approximate quicker at 2% than 6%, the FA/FI plots will be identical

A

FA will approximate quicker at 6% than 2% secondary to the concentration effect (in reality, likely no change)

28
Q

Which of the following increases MAC: anemia, hypoxia, hypercarbia, hypernatremia, hypercalcemia?

A

Hypernatremia

29
Q

At 1 MAC of a modern halogenated volatile anesthetic: dead space decreases, FRC increases, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is significantly blunted, minute ventilation increases, airway resistance decreases

A

Airway resistance decreases (bronchodilation)

HPV is only mildly blunted and MV decreases secondary to decreased TV (but increased RR)

30
Q

Which of the following effects of N2O is false: sympathetic stimulation, bradycardia, depressed myocardial contractility, increased PVR, preserved CO

A

Bradycardia

31
Q

How does N2O affect minute ventilation?

A

Preserved (unlike the halogenated gases) with no rise in apneic threshold; you will see increased RR and decreased TV but MV is preserved

32
Q

Does N2O potential muscle relaxation?

A

No (the halogenated gases do)

33
Q

What are some side effects seen with N2O?

A
  1. Inhibition of methionine synthetase (used in myelin formation)
  2. Inhibition of thymidylate synthetase (used in DNA synthesis)
  3. Peripheral neuropathy
  4. Pernicious anemia/megaloblastic anemia/depressed bone marrow production (decreased Vit B12)
34
Q

Which volatile anesthetic is metabolized to the greatest extent: sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, N2O

A

Sevoflurane (5%)

Isoflurane is 0.2%, Desflurane and N2O are less than that

35
Q

Which produces the greatest extent of coronary vasodilation: sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, N2O

A

Isoflurane

36
Q

What MAC level of isoflurane produces burst suppression?

A

1.5 MAC

37
Q

Transient increases in sympathetic tone occurs with rapid increases in concentration of which volatile anesthetic?

A

Desflurane and isoflurane

38
Q

Which volatile anesthetic can lead to increased carboxyhemoglobin levels?

A

Desflurane with a desiccated CO2 absorbent (produces carbon monoxide)

39
Q

Which CO2 absorbent does not produced Compound A with sevoflurane?

A

Calcium hydroxide; barium hydroxide lime or soda lime both can lead to production of Compound A

40
Q

What is the vapor pressure of desflurane? Sevoflurane? Isoflurane?

A

Des: 680 mmHg
Sevo: 160 mmHg
Iso: 240 mmHg

Anesthesiology (21 decks)

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