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Tenta: För mig själv > InfoSec > Flashcards

InfoSec Flashcards

1
Q

What is a security plan?

A

A plan that identifies and organizes the security activities for a system/organization

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2
Q

What is risk analysis?

A

A systematic investigation of the system, its environment, and what might go wrong

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3
Q

What is a security policy?

A

A security policy is a document that defines how an organization deals with some aspect of security.

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4
Q

What is a plan maintenance?

A

A plan that specify the order which controls are to be implemented.

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5
Q

What is a business continuity plan?

A

A (business) continuity plan documents how a business will continue to function during or after a computer security incident

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6
Q

What is a Incident response?

A

Tells the staff how to deal with a security incident

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7
Q

What is ISO/IEC 27005 about?

A

Information Security Risk Management (ISRM)

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8
Q

What is ISO 31000 about?

A

(general) Risk Management (RM) (principles and guidelines)

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9
Q

What is risk management?

A

Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk

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10
Q

What is risk assessment?

A

Overall process of risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation

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11
Q

What is risk identification?

A

process of finding, recognizing and describing risks

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12
Q

What is risk evaluation?

A

process of comparing the results of risk analysis with risk criteria to determine whether the risk and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable

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13
Q

What does “Level of risk” mean?

A

magnitude of a risk expressed in terms of the combination of consequences and their likelihood

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14
Q

What does “residual risk” mean?

A

risk remaining after risk treatment

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15
Q

What does vulnerability mean?

A

Weakness of an asses or control that can be exploited by one or more threats

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16
Q

What does threat mean?

A

potential cause of an unwanted incident, which may result in harm to a system or organization

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17
Q

What is ISO?

A

the process to comprehend the nature of risk and to determine the level of risk

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18
Q

What is Risk analysis?

A

Organized process for identifying the most significant risks in a computing environment, determining the impact of those risks, and weighing the desirability of applying various controls against those risks

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19
Q

What is management systems?

A

A management system is a “set of interrelated or interacting elements of an organization to establish policies and objectives and processes to achieve those objectives” (ISO/IEC 27000:2014)

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20
Q

What is cyber terrorism?

A

The use of computers to launch a terrorist attack

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21
Q

What is an Economic attack?

A

An attack that causes economic damage.

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22
Q

What is cryptanalysis?

A

the study of methods for breaking ciphertext

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23
Q

What is cryptography?

A

the use and practice of cryptographic techniques

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24
Q

What is cryptology?

A

the study of both cryptography and cryptanalysis

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25
Q

What is plaintext/cleartext, P?

A

The original form a message

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26
Q

What is ciphertext/cyphertext, C?

A

encrypted version of a message

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27
Q

What is a Cipher?

A

a pair of cryptographic algorithms, e.g., a mathematical function used for encryption and one for decryption

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28
Q

What is the cryptosystem in formal notation?

A

P = D(E(P))

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29
Q

What is an encryption algorithm?

A

A set of rules of how to encrypt plaintext and how to decrypt the ciphertext

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30
Q

What is a symmetric cryptosystem?

A
  • Encryption and decryption keys are the same
  • Provide a two-way channel to their users
  • If the key is kept secret for a pair - the system also provides authentication proof
  • If the secret key is compromised, the adversary can decrypt all traffic and produce fake messages
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31
Q

What is an Asymmetric cryptosytem?

A

*One key for encryption and another key for decryption
* Keys come in pairs
* A decryption key, KD, inverts the encryption of key KE so that:
* P = D(KD, E(KE,P))
* Also called public key

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32
Q

What is a Stream cipher?

A
  • Each bit/byte of the data stream is encrypted separately (low diffusion)
  • Fast and encryption can take place as soon as data is read
  • If errors occur, only bit/byte is affected
  • Susceptible to malicious insertions and modifications
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33
Q

What is a block cipher?

A
  • Encrypts a group of plaintext symbols as a single block (typically 64, 128, 256 bits or
    more) (high diffusion)
  • Slower process, the last block needs to be padded, and an error affects more bytes
  • Impossible to insert a single symbol into one block
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34
Q

What is The Data Encryption Standard (DES)?

A
  • Symmetric block cipher
  • Encryption and decryption algorithms are public but the design principles are classified
  • Used fixed 56 bits (short) key
  • Is considered insecure and was deprecated in 2017
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35
Q

What is The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)?

A
  • A replacement for DES
  • Symmetric, block cipher (128) bits
  • Three different key lengths: 128, 192, and 256 bits
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36
Q

What is the de-facto encryption standard today?

A

AES

  • Used in e.g., WPA2, IPsec, WhatsApp, Telegram… and in hardware such as Intel & AMD processors
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37
Q

What is Rivest-Shamir-Adelman (RSA)?

A
  • Asymmetric block cipher
  • Public key system (i.e., one private and one public key)
  • Long keys (1024-4096 bits)
  • Slow algorithm
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38
Q

What is the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol?

A

A way in which a public channel can be used to create a confidential shared key

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39
Q

How does the Diffie-Hellman key exchange work?

A
  1. First agree on an arbitrary staring key
  2. Then pick a private key
  3. Mix the (public) starting key with the secret key
  4. Exchange the keys with each other
  5. Mix the other shared key with their own secret key
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40
Q

What is error detecting codes?

A

A fast and reliable way of finding out if an error in a transmission have happened

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41
Q

Name some simple error detecting codes?

A
  • Parity checks
  • Cyclic redundancy checks
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42
Q

Name some cryptographic error detecting codes?

A
  • One-way hash functions
  • Cryptographic checksums
  • Digital signatures
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43
Q

What’s in Shannon’s characteristics of good ciphers?

A
  • The amount of secrecy needed should determine the amount of labor appropriate for the encryption and decryption
  • The set of keys and the enciphering algorithm should be free from complexity
  • The implementation of the process should be as simple as possible
  • Errors in ciphering should not propagate and cause corruption of further information in the message
  • The size of the enciphered text should be no larger than the text of the original message
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44
Q

What is Interception?

A

Unauthorized viewing
CIA: Confidentiality
Network security examples: Eavesdropping or wiretapping

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45
Q

What is Modification?

A

Unauthorized change
CIA: Integrity
Network security examples: Integrity failures - insertion

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46
Q

What is Fabrication?

A

Unauthorized creation
CIA: Integrity
Network security examples: Integrity failures - replay

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47
Q

What is Interruption?

A

Preventing authorized access
CIA: Availability
Network security examples: DoS/DDoS

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48
Q

What vulnerabilities is there to Wi-Fi?

A
  • It’s prone to eavesdropping
  • Shared media = easy insertion and easy disruption (DoS)
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49
Q

What is the standard Wireless protocol?

A

WPA2/802.11i

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50
Q

What does CYOD mean?

A

The company lists acceptable devices (that is, those that meet company security requirements) and allows each employee to choose his or her own device.

51
Q

What is COPE?

A

The company owns and provides the equipment. This clearly offers the most security, but also comes at the highest cost.

52
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Dividing a network into smaller segments.

53
Q

What is important for network security countermeasures?

A
  • System architecture
  • Segmentation
  • DMZ
  • Redundancy
  • Encryption
54
Q

What is a Virtual Private Network (VPN)?

A

I provides a way to the Internet. It creates a virtual connection between a remote user and the central location.

55
Q

What two approaches are it to VPN?

A
  • Remote access - one fixed side (What you get if you buy a VPN Service)
  • Site-to-site - two fixed sites
56
Q

What is a firewall?

A

A device that filters all traffic between a protected or “inside” network and less trustworthy or “outside” network

Firewalls implement security policies or rule-sets that determine what traffic can or cannot pass through

57
Q

What is a firewall an example of?

A

A reference monitor
* Always invoked (cannot be circumvented)
* Tamperproof
* Small and simple enough for rigorous analysis

58
Q

What is a demilitarized zone?

A
  • A perimeter network or screened subnet
  • Physical or logical subnetwork
  • DMZ is a form of network architecture
  • Services dedicated to outside use separated
  • The idea is that intrusion of DMZ hosts lead
    to only limited damage to the internal hosts
59
Q

What is a Intrusion Detection System (IDS)?

A

It monitors activity malicious or suspicious events

60
Q

What is an IDS detection methods?

A
  • Signature-based
  • Heuristic
61
Q

What is the Capability of IDS?

A
  • Passive –sound the alarm
  • Active, that’s when it become IPS
62
Q

How does a IPS respond to an alarm?

A
  • Monitor and collect data
  • Protect
  • Signal an alert to other protection components
63
Q

What is capacity planning?

A
  • Know what cause spikes in traffic and plan for them
64
Q

What is network tuning?

A
  • Adjusting the number of segments, machines, uplinks…
  • Rate limiting - countermeasure that reduces the impact of an attack by limiting capacity to a host/network
65
Q

What is shunning?

A

Reducing service given to traffic from certain address ranges

66
Q

What is blacklisting?

A

Blocking all traffic to/from a specific host

67
Q

What is sinkholing?

A

Incoming traffic is analyzed, and bad traffic rejected

68
Q

What is a honeypot?

A

A virtual machine meant to lure an attacker into an environment that can be both controlled and monitored

69
Q

What is a kernel?

A
  • A kernel is the part of the OS that performs the lowest-level functions
70
Q

What is a security kernel?

A
  • A security kernel is responsible for enforcing the security mechanisms of the entire OS
  • Typically contained within the kernel
71
Q

What is kernel-mode?

A

Kernel-mode - executing code has complete and unrestricted access to the underlying hardware and memory

72
Q

What is User-mode?

A

User-mode - executing code has no direct access to hardware or reference memory

73
Q

What is a reference monitor?

A
  • A reference monitor mediates access by subjects to objects (e.g., to let a user read a file)
74
Q

What is Discretionary access control (DAC)?

A

Access control model based on the identity of the user
* The owner decides who is allowed to access the object
and what privileges they have
* Rights can be delegated at users’ discretion
* Most common model

75
Q

What is Role-based access control (RBAC)?

A
  • Controls based on a subject’s (user’s or program’s) role, not their identity
  • Subject’s rights can change depending on their current role
  • access is controlled at the system level, outside of the user’s control
  • Used in, e.g., Microsoft Azure
76
Q

What does reconnaissance mean?

A

The hacker research their target

77
Q

What does reconnaissance (passive) mean?

A
  • Before an attack is executed the hacker attempt to find out information about the target system
78
Q

What does Reconnaissance (Active) mean?

A

Port scanning (Nmap) Scans to see which ports are open

  • Ping scan
  • Connect scan
  • SYN scan
  • FIN scan
79
Q

What is a Ping scan?

A

A ping sweep (also known as an ICMP sweep) is a basic network scanning technique used to determine which of a range of IP addresses map to live hosts (computers).

80
Q

What is a SYN scan?

A
  • Stealthy scan
  • Also called half-open scan

You send a SYN packet but you never respond to the SYN/ACK

81
Q

What is an SQL attack?

A

You enter SQL commands into login forms to trick the server into executing those commands.

82
Q

What is Bluesnarfing?

A

Unauthorized access of information from a Bluetooth device

83
Q

What is Blue jacking?

A

Using another blue tooth device within range and sending messages to the target

84
Q

What is Bluebugging?

A

Accesses and uses all phone features

85
Q

What is Pod slurping?

A

Using a device such as an iPod to steal confidential data by directly plugging it into a computer where the data are held

86
Q

What is Malware?

A

Software planted by an agent with malicious intent to cause unanticipated or undesired effects

87
Q

What is a Virus?

A

A program that can replicate itself and pass on malicious code to other non-malicious programs by modifying them

88
Q

What is a Worm?

A

A program that spreads copies of itself through a network

89
Q

What is a Trojan Horse?

A

A application/software that looks legit but contains code that, in addition to its stated effect, has a second, nonobvious, malicious effect

90
Q

What is a Rabbit?

A

Code that replicates itself without limit to exhaust resources

91
Q

What is a Logic Bomb?

A

Code that triggers when a predetermined condition occurs

92
Q

What is a Time Bomb?

A

Code that triggers action when a predetermined time occurs

93
Q

What is a Dropper?

A

Transfer agent code only to drop other malicious code, such as virus or Trojan horse

94
Q

What is Hostile mobile code agent?

A

Code communicated semi-autonomously by programs transmitted through the web

95
Q

What is a cross-site script attack?

A
  • Tricking a client or server into executing scripted code by including the code in data inputs
96
Q

What is a RAT (remote access Trojan)?

A

Trojan horse that, once planted, gives access from remote location

97
Q

What is Spyware?

A

Program that intercepts and covertly communicates data on the user or user’s activity

98
Q

What is a bot?

A

Semi-autonomous agent, under control of a (usually remote) controller or “herder”; not necessarily malicious

99
Q

What is a Zombie?

A

Code or entire computer under control of a (usually remote) program

100
Q

What is a Browser hijacker?

A

Code that changes browser settings, disallows access to certain sites, or redirects browser to other

101
Q

What is a Rootkit?

A

A collection of tools that a hacker uses to mask their intrusion and obtain admin-level access to a computer or network.

102
Q

What is trapdoor or backdoor?

A

Code feature that allows unauthorized access to a machine or program; bypasses normal access control and authentication

103
Q

What is a tool or toolkit?

A

Program containing a set of tests for vulnerabilities; not dangerous itself, but each successful test identifies a vulnerable host that can be attacked

104
Q

What is Scareware?

A

Not code; false warning of malicious code attack

105
Q

How does virus scanners work?

A

Virus scanners look for signs of malicious code infection using signatures in program files and memory

106
Q

What is a Denial-of-Service Attacks?

A

A way to prevent legitimate access to a system, by flooding the system with so many false connection requests that the system cannot respond to legitimate requests

107
Q

What is DHCP Starvation?

A

If enough requests flood a network, the attacker could completely exhaust the address space allocated by the DHCP servers for an indefinite period of time

108
Q

What are some DoS weaknesses?

A
  • The flood must be sustained.
  • When machines are disinfected, the attack stops.
  • Hacker’s own machine are at risk of discovery
109
Q

How does a SYN Attack/Flood work?

A
  • The client sends a SYN.
  • Server responds with SYN+ACK

The client should now respond with an ACK, but through non –responsiveness and continues sending of a SYN from other clients the server ends up in a busy state.

110
Q

What is Low Orbit Ion Cannon? (LOIC)

A
  • A common tool for DoS attacks
  • Requires the user to put in the target URL or IP address and then begin the attack
111
Q

What is XOIC?

A
  • XOIC is another DoS attacking tool.
  • Performs a DoS attack on any server with an IP address, a user-selected port, and a user-selected protocol.
112
Q

What is Ping of Death?

A
  • A ping of death is a type of attack on a computer system that involves sending a malformed or otherwise malicious ping to a computer.
113
Q

What is a Man-in-the-Browser?

A
  • Malicious code in browser/add-ons
114
Q

What is a Keystroke logger?

A
  • Hardware or software that records all keystrokes
115
Q

What is Page-in-the-Middle

A
  • The user is directed to a different page than believed or intended
116
Q

What is a download substitution?

A
  • The attacker creates a page with seemingly harmless and desirable programs for download
  • Instead of, or in addition to, the intended functionality, the user installs malware
117
Q

What is clickjacking?

A
  • A way of tricking user into providing desired input, like personal information
118
Q

What is Drive-by download?

A

Code is downloaded, installed, and executed on a computer without the user’s knowledge.

119
Q

What is SQL injection?

A

Injecting SQL code into an exchange between an application and its database server

120
Q

What is Phishing?

A

A message that tries to trick a victim into providing private information or taking some other unsafe action

121
Q

What is Spear phishing?

A

A more personalized attack to a particular recipient or set of recipients

122
Q

What is Whaling?

A

Attacks directed at high-profile targets such as CEO:s…

123
Q

What is Rate limiting?

A

countermeasure that reduces the impact of an attack by limiting capacity to a host/network

Tenta: För mig själv (6 decks)

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