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mtr ctrl & lrn > Information Processing > Flashcards

Information Processing Flashcards

1
Q

what is information processing?

A

signals or information available in the environment are taken in by humans and “processed” for the purposes of perception, decision making, and action.

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2
Q

what is the ecological approach to conceptualizing information processing?

A
  • research focused on how motor systems interact most effectively with the environment to perform goal-oriented behavior
  • perception of affordance requires experience
    – affordance: action possibilities provided to individual by environment
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3
Q

what is the cognitive approach to conceptualizing information processing?

A
  • traditional “black box” model
  • not directly observable
  • infer from behavior under experimental conditions
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4
Q

what are the three stages of information processing?

A
  • stimulus identification stage
  • response selection stage
  • response programming stage
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5
Q

what do the three stages of IP together create?

A

reaction time

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6
Q

where does sensory information come from in the stimulus identification stage?

A

neural encoding of sensory info comes from:
- visual, auditory, proprioception, touch, and vestibular sensory systems
- results in knowing what happened in the environment

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7
Q

what are the two substages of the stimulus identification stage?

A

stimulus detection and pattern recognition

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8
Q

what is stimulus detection in the stimulus identification stage ?

A

environmental signal stimulates neurological impulses and memory is contacted to associate with past

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9
Q

what is pattern recognition in the stimulus identification stage?

A
  • decipher pattern from stimuli in both static and dynamic conditions
  • may be genetic or learned
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10
Q

what is the response selection stage?

A

determine what action to take in response to the stimulus

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11
Q

what is the response programming stage?

A
  • translate the abstract idea of motion into action
  • involves retrieval of motor program, preparation, and initiation
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12
Q

in general, how do we study IP?

A

reaction time vs movement time

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13
Q

how do reaction time experiments work?

A
  • reaction time (RT) = interval between stimulus presentation and initiation of the response
  • manipulate single variable while other conditions are held constant
  • measure changes in reaction time
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14
Q

what are the variables that influence stimulus identification?

A
  • stimulus clarity (clear signals dec. RT)
  • intensity (intense signal dec. RT)
  • modality (slower to respond to visual stimuli vs auditory or tactile; quicker when stimuli simultaneously presented in more than one modality)
  • complexity (complex patterns may only be recognized with experience
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15
Q

what are the variables that influence response selection?

A
  • # of stimulus response (SR) choices (hicks law –> the more choices you have, the longer it takes to decide which one)
  • practice (with extensive practice can overcome hicks law)
  • stimulus response compatibility
  • predictability (if you anticipate what stimulus is coming, you can decide on the response before the signal is given)
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16
Q

what is the variable that influences response programming?

A

increased complexity of response to program = increased reaction time

17
Q

what makes a movement more complex?

A
  • increased number of movement parts
  • movement accuracy (ex. smaller target)
  • movement duration
18
Q

what are some other factors that impact information processing?

A

anticipation, automaticity, arousal

19
Q

what are some general aspects of anticipation?

A
  • research on reaction time to try to prevent anticipation
  • many stonily in everyday situations are predictable –> expert vs novice
20
Q

what are the three types of anticipation?

A
  • receptor anticipation: detect upcoming event based on sensory info
  • effector anticipation: estimate the time your own movement will take
  • perceptual anticipation: can’t directly perceive, but predict from experience
21
Q

what is spatial anticipation?

A
  • anticipation of the type of stimulus present and what subsequent response would be required
  • may allow some response processing before stimulus has arrived –> reduced RT
22
Q

what is temporal anticipation?

A
  • anticipation of when the stimulus will arrive can lead to large decrease in RT
  • foreperiods: POT prior to stimulus onset
    – constant vs variable duration foreperiods
23
Q

what is the impact of anticipation on information processing?

A
  • cost benefit analysis
    – benefit: correctly anticipating can reduce reaction time
    – cost: incorrectly anticipating can increase reaction time, increased errors
  • task dependent
24
Q

what is serial (sequential) processing?

A
  • single channel
  • one process completed before next starts
25
Q

what is parallel (simultaneous) processing?

A
  • multi-channels
  • some or all processes occur at same time
26
Q

how does controlled processing impact automaticity?

A
  • requires selective attention
  • slow process
  • skill is not well learned
  • serial in nature
27
Q

how does automatic processing impact automaticity?

A
  • limited attention
  • greater capacity/faster
  • well learned skill
  • parallel in nature
28
Q

how does our perception narrow as arousal increases?

A
  • increase focus on stimuli relevant to the task
  • decrease perception of stimuli outside primary focus
29
Q

how does too much or too little arousal both negatively impact performance?

A
  • too little: not attending to relevant environmental stimuli to trigger IP
  • too much: focus is narrow, may miss important cues
  • inverted U principle
30
Q

what does optimal level of arousal depend on?

A
  • task: lower arousal may be better for fine motor compared to gross motor
  • environment: higher arousal may be needed in busier environment
  • individual: personal trait, novice need wider focus while experts benefit from some perceptual narrowing
31
Q

what is feedforward control?

A
  • anticipatory/proactive
  • use previous experience to predict the consequences of revived sensory information
32
Q

what is feedback control?

A
  • compensatory/reactive
  • sensory information is compared to desired state (reference signal)
  • difference between these two states (error signal) is used to update the output

mtr ctrl & lrn (9 decks)

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