Information on Learned Phyla Flashcards
What single-celled organism is most closely related to animals, but is a protist?
Choanoflagellate
What are the three main cell types of sponges and their function?
- choanocytes (feeding cells)
- pinacocytes (surface cells)
- archaeocytes (differentiation cells)
Describe the feeding method of sponges.
They are filter feeders - water goes in through the porocytes, brings in food particles, and is filtered out through the osculum.
What supports a sponge?
Spicules (can be fibrous/flexible, shell-like, or like glass)
How do sponges procreate?
Asexually via buds, or sexually via gametes.
Does a sponge have a blastula? Why is this important?
YES - all animals undergo development that involves a blastula.
What class accounts for 95% of all Porifera?
Class Demospongia
Explain the specialized cells of Cnidaria.
Cnidocytes: cells that contain cnidocystes which are responsible for the firing of stinging injections.
What are the two body plans of Cnidaria?
- Medusa
- Polyp
Cnidaria: type of gut, symmetry, diplo/triploblastic
Blind gut, radial symmetry, and diploblastic (have a mesoglea, not a mesoderm).
What is the largest class of Cnidaria? What body form do they take on? What are a few animals?
Anthozoa - ONLY polyp phase - sea anemones, coral
What class are the “true jellies”?
Class Scyphozoa
Briefly break down the life cycle of the Scyphozoa, the housing of sex organs, and how they reproduce.
Polyp to medusa, dioecious, asexually
Which phylum is most closely related to Cnidaria?
Ctenophora
Ctenophora: diploblastic or triploblastic?
Diploblastic.
What’s the biggest characteristic that excludes Ctenophora from being Cnidarians?
The lack of cnidocytes.
What animals were the first to have bilateral symmetry?
Platyhelminthes
What is cephalization?
The congregation of important organs to one area of a body, namely, a head.
What is the name of the horseshoe shaped feeding appendage? What is the overarching name for the organisms with this appendage?
Lophophore; Lophotrochozoa
Do the Platyhelminthes have any clear features/synapomorphies?
NOPE
Platyhelminthes: type of gut, symmetry, type of “blastic”, type of body cavity
Incomplete gut, bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomate
Are “type of gut” and “type of body cavity” the same thing???
NO, YOU FUCKING TWAT. NO.
TRUE OR FALSE: Platyhelminthes are monoecious
TRUE
What phylum is similar to flatworms (but isn’t)?
Phylum Nemertea
Nemertea: type of “blastic”, type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system.
Triploblastic, eucoelomate, complete gut, blood-vascular system.
What phylum are the roundworms?
Nematoda
What’s the broad term to describe all animals that shed their outer cuticle? What’s the word that describes this molting?
Ecdysozoa, the term is ecdysis
T or F: Nematoda are not Ecdysozoans
False: they are
Can you name the 6 phyla of psuedocoelomates?
- Rotifera
- Aranthocephala
- Loricifera
- Kinorhyncha
- Nematoda
- Nematomorpha
Nematoda: type of “blastic”, type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system.
Triploblastic, psuedocoelomate, complete gut, no circular or respiratory system (they use diffusion to breath).
Name some animals in the phylum Mollusca
Chitin, clams, sea slugs, octopi, squids, snails
What is a radula?
A protrusible tongue-like organ with teeth that is special to Mollusca
What is the word for gills in the phylum Mollusca?
Ctenidia
Mollusca: type of “blastic”, type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system, sex organs housed, nervous system present?
Triploblastic, eucoelomate, complete gut, open circulatory system (closed only for cephalopods), typically dioecious, nervous system present.
Is there one genus of animal called a mollusk?
No. The word “mollusk” is used to describe any animal in the phylum Mollusca.
What are some characteristics of the mollusks?
- head/foot combination
- radula
- shell
- gills (ctenidia)
- mantle
- metanephridia
What is the mantle in a mollusk?
It is the folds of skin - outgrowths of the body wall - that forms new periostracum (the shell).
How is a pearl formed?
A piece of sand gets stuck between the shell and the mantle, and gets surrounded by nacrious layer
What two general groups have direct development in mollusks?
Gastropods and cephalopods
How many of the 8 classes of Mollusca can you name?
- Caudofoveata
- Solenogastres
- Polyplacophora
- Monoplacophora
- Gastropoda
- Bivalvia
- Scaphopoda
- Cephalopoda
Which class of mollusks is known for their many chiton plates, and are commonly called chitons?
Polyplacophora
Name some animals in the class Gastropoda
Snails, limpets, slugs, sea slugs, sea butterflies
How many species are in the most diverse mollusks class?
Gastropoda - 70k
Describe developmental (ontogenetic) torsion, and the phylum/class it’s usually associated with
It’s when the mouth and the anus are linearly lined as juveniles, but end up becoming twisted counterclockwise so the anus ends up above the head (and lines up with the mantle cavity) during maturation. Mollusca/Gastropoda.
Phylum/Class/Subclass of land and freshwater snails and slugs
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata
The subclass Pulmonata has lost what ancestral characteristic to develop lungs?
Ctenidia
The anus is located near what in Pulmonata, meaning their waste exits this opening?
The pneumostome
T or F: Pulmonata are monoecious.
True
Name some animals in the class Bivalvia
Mussels, clams, scallops, oysters
What makes bivalves unique from other mollusks?
No head, no radula, little cephalization, most are sedentary filter feeders
Name some animals in the class Cephalopoda.
Squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses
What does “Cephalopoda” mean?
” Head foot”
The modified foot merged with the head region in cephalopods forms what?
A siphon and tentacles
Who are the Annelida?
Segmented worms
Annelida: type of “blastic”, type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system, sex organs housed
Triploblastic, eucoelomate, complete gut, closed vascular system, monoecious
Who are in the subclass Sedentaria?
Marine tube worms
Who are in the class Clitellata?
Earthworms, or anyone with a clitellum
Which phylum/class do leeches belong in?
Annelida, Clitellata
Who are the phylum Onychophora?
Velvet worms
Who are the phylum Tardigrada?
Water bears
Arthropoda: type of “blastic”, type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system, sex organs housed.
Triploblastic, eucoelomate, complete gut, open circulatory system, dioecious
Because arthropods molt their outer later, what are clade do they belong in?
Ecdysozoa
What does “Arthropoda” mean?
Jointed foot
What are the three subclasses of Arthropoda?
- Chelicerata
- Myriapoda
- Crustecea
What’s another word for “body segments”?
Tagmata
What are chelicerae? What phylum do those with these belong?
They are a pair of appendages on the head with many uses. Arthropoda.
T or F: Trilobites were crustaceans
False. They were arthropods.
How many tagmata do chelicerates have?
Two: cephalothorax and abdomen
The claws (chelae) on scorpions are modified what? What phylum/class/order do these animals belong?
Pedipalps. Arthropoda/Arachnida/Scorpiones
What phylum/class/order do harvestmen belong?
Arthropoda/Arachnida/Opiliones
What phylum/class/order do spiders belong?
Arthropoda/Arachnida/Araneae
What phylum/class/order do ticks/mites belong?
Arthropoda/Arachnida/Acari
Who are in the subphylum Myriapoda?
Centipedes and millipedes
Name the classes centipedes and millipedes belong. How can you tell the difference?
Centipedes: Chilopoda. Millipedes: Diplopoda. Millipedes have two legs per body segment, while Centipedes have one.
Which myriapod is predatory?
Chilopods (centipedes)
Who are the only arthropods to have two pairs of antennae?
The crustaceans
T or F: Crustacea is a class in the phylum Arthropoda.
FALSE. It’s a subphylum.
Name some animals that are crustaceans.
Shrimp, lobster, pill-bugs, crabs
How many tagmata do crustaceans have?
Two: cephalothorax and abdomen
What subphylum of Arthropoda has six legs?
Hexapoda
Name the phylum/subphylum/class insects belong.
Arthropoda/Hexapoda/Insecta
How many tagmata do insects have?
Three: head, thorax, and abdomen
What are setae?
Bristle or hair-like structures
How many pairs of antennae do insects typically have?
One
T or F: Insects are typically monoecious
False. They’re usually dioecious
What are Malpigian tubules? What phylum can this be found in?
An excretory system. Arthropoda.
Phylum/Class/Order of beetles (who have more than 250k species!)
Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera
Phylum/Class/Order of bees/ants/wasps
Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera
Phylum/Class/Order of butterflies
Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera
Echinodermata: type of “blastic”, type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system, sex organs housed, nervous system present?
Triploblastic, eucoelomate, complete gut, water-vascular system, dioecious, no brain - only simple sense organs
Who are the top predators of the reef?
Sea stars
Name the phylum/class of sea stars
Echinodermata/Asteroidea
What is a madreporite?
An opening that allows water into the water vascular system of sea stars.
The water vascular system in sea stars is formed from the —
Coelom
Name the phylum/class of sea urchins
Echinodermata/Echinoidea
What is the solid shell of sea urchins called?
A “test”
What is the complex mouthpart used for feeding in Echinoidea called?
Aristotle’s lantern
What are the deuterostome phyla we’ve learned so far? Does that mean the rest are protostomes?
Echinodermata and Hemichordata. No - Porifera and Cnidaria are neither.
T or F: Those who are triploblastic all possess organs.
True
T or F: Those who are diploblastic all possess organs
False. Organs come from the mesoderm.
Who belong to the phylum Chordata?
Anyone with a notochord at some point in their life.
Name the three subphylums of Chordata.
Cephalochordata, Urochordata, Vertebrata
Name the 5 synapomorphies that define a Chordate.
- ) Notochord
- ) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- ) Pharyngeal (gill) slits
- ) Endostyle
- ) Postanal tail
What is the notochord?
A rodlike, semi-rigid body of fluid-filled cells in a fibrous sheath that serves as a hydrostatic organ providing stiffness to the body.
What’s the endostyle in chordates?
A structure that secretes mucous in early chordates, and forms the thyroid in more developed ones.
What subphylum has all 5 chordate synapomorphies in adulthood?
Cephalochordates (lancelets)
Tell me about the Urochordates.
They’re tunicates or sea squirts (marine chordates). Their larva is pelagic (have all 5 synapomorphies) but the adults are sessile (do not, and are glued down to something). They can be solitary or colonial.
What are the two superclasses of subphylum Vertebrata? What are their distinctions?
Agnatha (jawless vertebrates) and Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates).
Phylum, subphylum, and superclass of fishes?
Chordata, Vertebrata, Gnathostomata
Phylum, subphylum, superclass, and class of sharks and rays?
Chordata, Vertebrata, Gnathostomata, Chondrichthyes
What are the three types of shark reproduction?
Oviparity, placental viviparity/matrotrophic, and lecithotrophic viviparity
What is the most morphologically and taxonomically diverse class of fishes? (also considered a clade).
The bony fishes - Osteichthyes
What kind of respiration to many modern amphibians have?
Cutaneous respiration
___ are a clade of ____ (subphylum) who have completed the evolutionary transition to land, and are characterized by the type of egg produced which prevents water loss and has a tough shell. This clade also lacks a ___ stage.
Amniotes, Vertebrates, larval
Who are the Amniotes?
Reptiles, birds, and mammals
What are the three classes of Amniotes?
Class Reptilia, Class Aves, and Class Mammalia
Phylum, Subphylum, Superclass, Clade, Class , Order that humans belong
Chordata, Vertebrata, Gnathostomata, Tetrapoda Amniotes, Mammalia, Primates
How many amniote characteristics can you name?
- amniotic egg
- keratinized epidermis
- aspiration breathing
- high pressure blood flow
- uricotelism (excretion of uric acid)
Turtles belong to the order ___.
Testudines
Lizards and snakes belong to the order ___.
Squamata
Alligators and crocodiles belong to the order ___.
Crocodilia
When did all non-avian dinosaurs go extinct? (This was the major dinosaur extinction). What was this event called?
The Cretaceous Extinction, 65 mya
T or F: Feathers evolved for the purpose of flight.
False
The three main types of feathers in birds
- Contour (main ones that form outline of bird)
- Down (thermoregulation)
- Filoplume (ornamentation)
Do birds have teeth, you dumb shit?
NO.
Living birds have a reduced tail called a ___.
Pygostyle.
What animals have a muscular gizzard? What is a gizzard?
Birds, and an organ in the stomach to grind up food.
Describe the respiration system in birds.
They have a one-way air flow through the lungs using anterior and posterior air sacs.
What three groups of animals experienced convergent evolution of flight?
- pterosaurs
- bats
- birds
What are the three groups of living mammals?
- Monotremes
- Marsupials
- Placentals
Tell me about Monotremes.
Only five species (platypus and echidna). They are egg laying (oviparous) mammals.
Gestation period usually correlates in mammals to ___.
Body size.
The four groups of marine mammals:
- Sea otters
- Pinnipeds (seals)
- Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises)
- Sirenians (sea cows, manatees)
T or F: Marine mammals evolved from terrestrial mammals
True
Orangutans, Chimpanzees, and Gorillas all belong to different orders. How many species does each order contain?
Each order only has two species.
What is animal integument?
The outer covering of animals (skin)
What two layers classify as integument?
Epidermis and cuticle
T or F: the cuticle layer is a cellular, living layer.
False.
