Everything Else Flashcards
Skin color is determined by what three pigments?
Hemoglobin, melanin, and carotene
What are the two types of skeleton? Describe them.
Hydrostatic (fluid-filled, such as worms) and rigid (could be endoskeleton or exoskeleton)
What kind of skeleton do mammals have? What about crabs/spiders?
Mammals = endoskeleton, crabs/spiders = exoskeleton
Explain the two types of digestion in animals
Intracellular digestions (digestion inside cells) and extracellular digestions (digestion using organs like the gut)
Who digests intracellularly?
Protists and sponges
Who digests extracellularly?
Everybody besides protists and sponges
What is osmoregulation?
The balance between salt and water
Name the three types of osmoregulation, and how to define them.
- Isosmotic (animal at the same solute concentration as surroundings)
- Hypoosmotic (animal is at lower solute concentration than surroundings)
- Hyperosmotic (animal is at higher solute concentrations than surroundings)
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water
What are osmoconformers?
Animals who attempt to conform to saltwater surroundings (isosmotic)
Types of animals whose body temperature is determined by the outside environment.
Ectotherms (ex: lizards)
Types of animals who generate heat from the body’s metabolism to maintain homeostasis.
Endotherms
Describe insect respiration.
They get air through the internal parts of tubes that extend from the outside of their body. The tubes are called “tracheae”. The openings of the tubes are called “spiracles”. They supply air directly to cells.
T or F: Insects do not have lungs.
True - they indeed do not have lungs
What is vertebrate blood composed of? Give percentages.
55% plasma, 45% cells.
___ carries blood away from the heart.
The aorta.
___ carried blood back to the heart.
Veins.
Who were the first to develop a nerve network?
Cnidarians
Who were the first to develop cephalization?
Platyhelminthes
The brain and spinal cord are apart of the ___.
Central nervous system.
The cranial/spinal nerves and sensory/autonomic ganglia are part of the ___.
Peripheral nervous system.
What are the three parts of the vertebrate brain?
Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
What are the major functions of the forebrain? There are two regions you should name.
The cerebrum (conscious thought and perception), and the hypothalamus (regulation of appetites from hunger to sex drive)
What is the major function of the midbrain?
Relay center (motor movement, auditory/visual processing).
What are the major functions of the hindbrain? There are two regions you should name.
Cerebellum (motor control) and the medulla oblongata (control of heartbeat and respiration).
What is the division of the ___ nervous system that controls unconscious actions?
Peripheral; autonomic
What is the term to describe the thought of imagining the POV of an animal?
Umwelt
What is “ethology”?
The study of animal behavior in its natural environment
What is sociobiology?
Using ethology to study social behavior.
___ coloration is the bright coloring of animals to warn others of their danger.
Aposematic
Mating behavior re: 1 female, 2+ males
Polyandry
Mating behavior re: 1 male, 2+ females
Polygyny
What is the aggressive behavior called when fiddler crabs wave their claws about in a mutual understanding of aggression?
Ritualized Threat Display
The divergence of a species via geographic manipulation is called ___.
A vicariant event, or, vicariance.
The divergence of a species via voluntarily movement/migration elsewhere is called ___.
Dispersal.
What happened 3.5mya, when the panamanian land bridge allowed animals to cross between North and South America?
The Great American Interchange
How many major biomes are there?
10
Who pointed out/identified the 10 major biomes?
Alexander von Humboldt
What are the two major classifications of marine environments?
Benthic, pelagic
What are the two tidal zones in the benthic region?
Intertidal, and subtidal
What marine environment has the highest productivity, and therefore is the richest in animal life?
The intertidal zone.
