Information for the Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Anthropology
A
-The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another
2
Q
Ethnocentrism
A
-The belief that one’s own culture or way of life is normal and natural
~Using one’s own culture to evaluate and judge the practices and ideals of others
3
Q
Ethnographic Fieldwork
A
-A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology typically involving living and interacting with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives
4
Q
Cross-Cultural and Comparative Approach
A
-The approach by which anthropologists compare practices across cultures to explore human similarities, differences, and the potential for human cultural expression
5
Q
Four-Field Approach
A
-The use of four interrelated disciplines to study humanity
~Biological Anthropology
~Archaeology
~Linguistic Anthropology
~Cultural Anthropology
6
Q
Holism
A
-The anthropological commitment to look at the whole picture of human life across space and time
~Culture
~Biology
~History
~Language
7
Q
Biological Anthropology
A
-The study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly how they have evolved over time and adapted to their environment
8
Q
Paleoanthropology
A
-The study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record
9
Q
Primatology
A
-The study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior
10
Q
Archaeology
A
-The investigation of the human past by means of excavating and analyzing artifacts
11
Q
Prehistoric Archaeology
A
-The reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past (before written records (around 5,500 years ago)) through the examination of artifacts
12
Q
Historic Archaeology
A
-The exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written or oral records
13
Q
-Linguistic Anthropology
A
-The study of human languages in the past and the present
14
Q
Descriptive Linguists
A
-Those who analyze languages and their component parts
15
Q
Historic Linguists
A
Those who study how language changes over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures
16
Q
Sociolinguists
A
-Those who study language in its social and cultural contexts
17
Q
Cultural Anthropology
A
The study of people’s communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work and play together
18
Q
Participant Observation
A
-An anthropological research strategy involving both participants in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied
19
Q
Ethnology
A
-The analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures
20
Q
Globalization
A
-The worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders
21
Q
Globalization
-Key Dynamics
A
-Time-space compression
-Flexible accumulation
-Increasing migration
-Uneven development
~All of which are happening at an accelerating pace
*These dynamics are reshaping the ways humans adapt to the natural world, and the ways the natural world is adapting to us
22
Q
Time-space Compression
A
-The rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that will transform the way people think about space (distance) and time
23
Q
Offshoring
A
-Companies in developed countires move their factories to exportprocessing zones in the developing world
24
Q
Outsourcing
A
-Other corporations shift part of their work to employees in other parts of the world
25
-Increasing Migration
-The accelerated movement of people within and between countries
26
Climate Change
-Changes to Earth's climate, including global warming production primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by the burning of fossil fules
27
World Heritage Committee
-Begun in 1972
-Last met in July 2021
-Meet annually
28
Why do they matter?
-Global interest
-Global heritage
-Human story
-Predate current states
-Damaged sites
~Syria
~Afghanistan
~Mali
29
Interesting to Consider
-Many of the Sites are maintained by political units (and contemporary nations) that are detached from the culture that created the site/structure
30
The Study of Humanity
-All humans are connected
31
Peter Projection
-Continents represented more accurately (space/size)
-Schools now moving to use this map
-National Geographic favors
32
Mercator Projections
-Allows for accurate navigational lines, but exaggerates the size of polar regions (and minimizes equatorial regions)
33
Hobo-Dyer Map
34
Issues
-Eurocentric maps further marginalize people in developing nations
-The size of developing nations being smaller reduces the importance
-Placement at the 'bottom' of maps reduced the importance
-Pacific-centered map
35
Atlas of Prejudice (2015)
-Yanko Svetkov
~Bulgarian explorer
-Book is
~Thought provoking
~Sometimes funny
~Effective in cultural understanding
36
People's Thoughts of the word Culture
-Think about the material goods or artistic forms produced by a distinct group of people
~Chinese food
~Middle Eastern Music
~Indian Clothing
~Greek Architechture
~African Dances
37
Culture
-A system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people
-It is not fixed =, it is changed, con
38
Enculturation
-The process of learning culture
39
Norms
-Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or towards certain people
40
Exogamy
-Marriage outside one's group
41
Endogamy
-Marriage inside one's group
42
Values
-Fundamental beliefs about what is important, what makes a good life, and what is true, right, and beautiful
43
Symbols
-Anything that represents something else
~Language
~Writing
~Gestures
~Unspoken sounds
44
Mental Maps of Reality
-Cultural classifications of what kinds of people and things exist, and the assignments of meaning to those classifications
45
First, Mental Maps
-Classify the reality
~Time
*Millennia, centuries, decades, years, seasons, months, weeks, morning, afternoon, evening, night, hours, minutes, and seconds
46
Second, Mental Maps
-Assign meanings to what has been classified
~Life span categories
*Infants, children, adolescents, teenagers, young adults, adults, and seniors
**The different values to different ages
47
Cultural Relativism
-Understanding a group's beliefs and practices within their one cultural context, without making judgments
48
Edward Burnett Tylor's definition of culture
-Culture or Civilization, taken in its wide, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
49
Unilineal Cultural Evolution
-The theory proposed by nineteenth-century anthropologist that all cultures naturally evolve though the same sequence of stages from simple to complex
50
Historical Particularism
-The idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories
51
Diffusion
-The borrowing of cultural traits and patterns from other cultures
52
Society
-The focus of early British anthropological research whose structure and function could be isolated and studied scientifically
53
Structural Functionalism
-A conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system on euqilibrium
54
Interpertivist Approach
-A conceptual framework that sees culture primarily as a symbolic system of deep meaning
55
Thick Description
-A research strategy that combines a detailed description of cultural activity with an analysis of the layers of deep cultural meaning in which those activities are embedded
56
Power
-The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence
57
Stratification
-The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture
58
Material Power
-Includes political, economic, or military power
~Exerts itself though coercion or brute force
59
Hegemony
-The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force
60
Michel Foucault's views of hegemonic
-Aspects of power as the ability to make people discipline their own behavior so that they believe and act in a certain "normal" way
61
Agency
-The potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power
62
Epigenetics
-An area of study in the field of genetic exploring how environmental factors directly affect the expression of genes in ways that may be inherited between generations
63
Human Microbiome
-The complete collection of microorganisms in the human body's ecosystem
64
Human Becomings
-Continually evolving and adapting, both on the species level and within the individual lifespan
65
Cosmopolitanism
-An outlook that combines both universally and difference
~Describe sophisticated urban professionals who travel and feel at home in different parts of the world
66
Culture
-Customs
-Values
-Attitudes
-Beliefs
67
Culture in Early Hominids
-Bipedalism 5-6 mya
-Stone tools 2.5 mya
-Dispersal out of Africa ca. 2 mya
-Conservative evolution until 200k years ago
68
Culture is
-Learned from others while growing up in a society or group
-Wide
-Responsible for differences in thinking and behavior between societies and groups
-Essential for completing the psychological and social development of individuals
-Symbolic and material value
-People communicating and interacting without explaining their behavior
-Share a common cultural identity
69
Socially Learned
-The process of growing up in a group
-Not transmitted to new generations genetically
-Learned by observation, imitation, communication, and inference
70
Knowledge
-How to behave in ways that are meaningful and accepted by others
-Allows people to survive, reproduce, and transmit their culture
71
Human Life
-Skills to adapt to surrounding
-Basis for human social life
72
Material vs. Non-Material Culture
-Material
~Things people make
-Non-Material
~Intangibles
~Ideas, values, norms, ideas, beliefs, language, gestures
73
Cultural Knowledge
-Norms
-Values
-Symbols
-Mental Maps of Reality
-Classifications
-World Views
74
Norms
-Ideas and rules about how people should behave in particular situations
~Agreements
-People who fail to follow the standards face negative reactions from the group
~Judge behavior
75
Symbols
-Something that represents something else
-An object or a symbol that stands for, represents or calls to mind something else
~Not universal, but within cultural context conveys meaning
76
Values
-Perople's belief about the way of life that is desirable for themselves and their society
-Cultures promote and cultivate a core set of values
~What is important
~Should guide behaviors
-Cultural values are not fixed
77
Mental Maps of Reality
-Classify Relity
~Time
~Food
~Kinship
*As culture's mental maps are drawn from the vantage point of those in power
-Assign meaning to classified things
~Ages
78
Unilineal Evolution
-All cultures would naturally evolve through the same stages
~Saveages
~Barbarians
~Civilized
*THESE ARE NOT TRUE
79
Globalization
-Homogenization
~Diminishes diversity
-Cultural Transference
~Two ways: Not bound to geographic locations
80
Fieldwork
-A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives
81
Fieldwork and the 4-Field Approach
-Franz Boas
~Cultural, linguistic, biological, and archeology
~Salvage anthropology
~Historical Particularism
*Cultures develop in unique ways due to their individual histories
~Cultural Relativism
*To see each culture on its own merits
-Bronislaw Malinowski
~Father of Fieldwork
~Paticipant observation
*Cornerstones of fieldwork
**Though their eyes
82
Toolkit
-Literature Review
-Physical Materials
-Surveys
-Informants
-Money Sources/ Grant management
-Legalities
~University
~National/International Requirements
~Agencies
-Transportation
83
Ethnographic Skills
-Open-mindedness
-Patience
-Flexibility
-Perspectives
~Emin
*Understanding from the inside
~Etic
*Understanding as an outsider
-Using THEIR voices
~Anonymity when necessary or possible
84
Mapping
-Map Surroundings
~Spatial awareness
~How space is used
~Physical environment influences human culture
~Allows for deeper analysis of the community dynamics
85
What is unique
-It is the primary research strategy today for the gathering of information
-Puts people first
-Fieldwork allows for effective observation
-Anthropologist make informed decisions in order to act morally and weigh the consequences of their actions
-Anthropologists must weigh complex interactions
-Living with others, gaining understanding their experience through their eye
86
Culture Shock
-A feeling of disorientation when subjected to unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes
87
Engaged Anthropology
-Using the research strategies and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities
-Anthropology believes that in a world of conflict and inequality, we must develop an active, politically committed, and morally engaged practice to address concrete local and global problems.
88
How do Anthropology write Ethnography
-Polyvocality
~Many voices
-Reflexivity
~Reflection on the experience (one's position in relation to the study)
-Authority
~What right does one have to present the material, make claims and draw conclusions
*Establish credentials and trust
89
Fieldwork
-Implies going out to "the field" to do extensive research
90
Ethnographic Fieldwork
-A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology typically involving living and interacting with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives
91
Salvage Ethnography
-Fieldwork strategy developed by Franz boas to collect cultural, material, linguistic, and biological information about Native American populations being devastated by the westward expansion of European settlers
92
Synchronic approach
-Sought to control experiments by limiting consideration of the larger historical and social context in order to isolate as many variables as possible
93
Reflexivity
-A critical self-xamination of the role the anthropologist plays and an awareness that one's identity affects one's fieldwork and theoretical analyses
94
Engaged Anthropologist
Applying the research strateditd and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities and the world at large
95
Anthropologist's Toolkit
-The tools needed to conduct fieldwork, including information, perspectives, strategies, and even equipment
96
Literature Reivew
-Provides a crucial background for the experiences to come
97
Quantitative data
-Statistical information about a community that can be measured and compared
98
Qualitative data
-Descriptive data drawn from nonstatistical sources, including personal stories, interviews, life histories, and participant observation
99
Key Information
-A community member who advises the anthropologist on community issues, provides feedback, and warns against cultural miscues
~Cultural Consultant
100
Life History
-A form of interview that traces the biography of a person over time, examining changesin the pweson's life and illuminating the interlocking network of relationships in the community
101
Interview
-Conducted in the field
~Informal, essentially involving a form of data gathering through everyday conversations
~Formal, closely following a set of questions
102
Survey
-An information-gathering tool for quantitative data analysis
103
Kinship Analysis
-A fieldwork strategy of examining interlocking realtionships of power built on marriage and family ties
104
Social Network Analysis
-A method for examing relationships in a community, often conducted by identifying whom people turn to in times of need
105
Field notes
-The anthropologist's written observations and reflections on places, practices, events, and interviews
106
Mapping
-The analysis of the physical and/or geographical space where fieldwork is being conducted
107
Built Environment
-The intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation and public service infrastructure, and public space
108
Zeros
-Elements of a story or a picture that are not told or seen and yet offer key insight into issues that might be too sensitive to discuss or display publicly
109
Mutual Transformation
-The potential for both the anthropolgist and the members of the community being studied to be transformed by the interactions of fieldwork
110
Emic
-An approach to gathering data that inestigates how local people think and how they understand the word
111
Etic
-Description of local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologist's perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures
112
Ethnology
-The analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures
113
Polyvocality
-The practice of using many different voices in ethnographic writing and research question development, allowing the reader to hear more directly from the people in the study
114
Informed Consent
-A key strategy for protecting those being studied by ensuring that they are fully informed of the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate
115
Anonymity
-Protecting the identities of the people involved in a study by changing or omitting their names or other identifying characteristics
116
Call System
-Animal communication of sounds and gestures that are prompted by environmental stimuli
117
Language
-A system of communication organized by rules that uses symbols such as words, sounds, and gestures to convey information
118
Productivity
-That they can use known words to invent new word combinations
119
Displacement
-The ability ti use words to refer to objects not immediately present or events happening in the past or future
120
Historical Linguistics
-The study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations
121
Language Continuum
-The idea that variations in language appears gradually over distance so that groups of people wholive near one another skeap in a way that is mutually intalligilble
122
Speech Community
-A gruop of people who come to share certain norms of language ise through living and communicating together
123
Descriptive Linguistics
-The study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning
124
Phonemes
-The smallest units of sound that can make a difference in meaning
125
Phonology
-The study of what sounds exist and how they are used in a particular language
126
Morphemes
-The smallest unit of sound that carry meaning on their own
127
Morphology
-The study of patterns and rules of how sounds combine to make morphemes
128
Syntax
-The specific patterns and rules for combining morphemes to construct phrases and sentences
129
Grammar
-The combined set of observations about the rules governing the use of phonemes, morphemes, and syntax that guide language use
130
Proxemics
-Cultural understandings about the use of space
131
Haptics
-Rhe culturally accepted rules of touch
132
Kinesics
-The study of the relationship between body movements and communication
133
Paralanguage
-An extensive set of noises and tones of voice that convey significant information about the speaker
~Such as laughs, cries, sighs, and yells
134
Focal Vocabulary
-Sets of words that pertain to important aspects of the culture
~More than one word for the same thing, animal, or object
135
Linguistic Relativity
-The notion that all languages will develop the distinctive categories necessary for those who speak them to deal with realities around them
136
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
-The idea that different languages create different ways of thinking
137
Lexicon
-All the words for name, ideas, and events that make up a language's dictionary
138
Speech Register
-The words and terminology that develop with particular sophistication to describe the unique cultural realities experienced by a group of people
139
Sociolinguistics
-The study of the way culture shapes language and language shapes culture, particularly the intersection of language with cultural categories and systems of power such as age, race, ethnicity, sexuality, gender, and class
140
Difference Model
-A theory used to explain the differences between genders in a career path
~Tries to map reality
141
Dominance Model
-A stance in which a small elite of powerful interests is seen as controlling the mass media
~Tries to challenge and change it
142
Language Ideology
-Beliefs and conceptions about language that often serve to rationalize and justify patterns of stratification and inequality
143
Code Switching
-Switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another, or one language and another, depending on the cultural context
144
Language Loss
-The extinction of languages that have very few speakers
145
Ethnologue
-An encyclopedic reference work cataloging all of the world's 7,111 known living languages
146
Digital Natives
-A generation of people born after 1980 who have been raised in the digital age
147
Digital Immigrants
-Used the technology and platforms of the digital age but have had to learn them as if immigrating into a new culture or learning a second language
148
Race
-A flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups
149
Racism
-Individual's thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opprotunities based on imagined differences among groups
150
Genotype
-The inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form
151
Phenotype
-The way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors
152
Colonialism
-The practices by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions
153
Bachata
-Commonly uses negro, prieto, and morena, terms for black or dark men and women, to refer to the signers, their loves, and their audience
154
Brazil's Racial Class System
-alva (pure white)
-alva-escuro (off-white)
-alva-rosada (pinkish white)
-branca (white)
-clara (light)
-branca morena (darkish white)
-branca suja (dirty white)
-cafe (coffee colored)
-cafe comleite (coffee with milk)
-camela (cinnamon)
-preta (black)
-pretinha (lighter black)
155
Minah
-A common Malay woman's name, reflects the mass migration of rural workers to the factories
156
Karan
-Carries two meanings
~"Electric Current" situates these women in the electronics fatories
~Implies sexual electricity
157
White Supremacy
-The belief that whites are biologically different from and superior to people of other races
158
White
-A construction, first appearing in a public document in reference to a separate race only in 1691 in Virginia
159
Whiteness
-A culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia, designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not
~A process central to the formation of US racial stratification
160
Jim Crow
-Laws implemented after the US Civil War to enforce segregation legally, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery
161
Hypodescent
-Sometimes called the "one drop of blood rule;" the assignment of children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group
162
Nativism
-The favoring of certain long-term inhabitants, namely whites, over new immigrants
163
"Yellow Peril"
-A "race" that could not be trusted
164
Racialization
-The process of categorizing, differentiation, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people
165
"White"
-Anthropologists refer to as an unmaked category
~One with tremendous power, but one that typically defied analysis and is rarely discussed
166
Individual Racism
-Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race
167
Microaggression
-Common, everyday verbal or behavioral indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone's race, gender, sexual orientation or religion
168
Institutional Racism
-Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems
169
Racial Ideology
-A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal
170
Intersectionality
-An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification
171
Lexicon
172
Kinesics
173
Paralanguage
174
Minority
-A term signifying a smaller group that differs from the dominant, majority culture in language, food, dress, immigrant, history, national origin, or religion
175
Ethnicity
-A sense of historical cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group
176
Fredrik Barth
-Ethnicity
-Social organization of cultural differences
177
Origin Myth
-A story about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity
178
Ethnic Boundary Marker
-A practice ot belief used to signify who is in a group and who is not, but yet may change over time
179
Situational Negoation of identity
-An individual's self-identification who a particular group that can shift according to social location
180
Ethnic Boundary Makers
-A struggle that reveals deep disagreements among Indian immigrants and many of their children
181
Identity Entrepreneurs
-Political, military, or religious leaders who promote a worldview through the lens of ethnicity and use war, propaganda against those whom they perceive as a danger
182
Genocide
-The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group
183
Ethnic Cleansing
-Efforts by representatives od one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area
184
Melting Pot
-A metaphor to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into US dominant culture
185
Assimilation
-The process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups
186
Multiculturalism
-A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture
187
State
-An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory
188
Nation-State
-A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforcement borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry , and destiny as a people
189
Citizenship
-Legal membership in a nation-state
190
Nation
-A term once used to describe a group of people thought to share a place of origin
191
Nationalism
-The desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state
192
Imagined Community
-The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlie identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet
193
Diaspora
-A group of people living outside their ancestral homeland yet maintain emotional and material ties to home
194
Mhondoro
-The spirits of dead Shona kings and chiefs
195
Potrero
-The empty and uneven lots of confined outdoor spaces where neighborhood boys play after school without teachers or coaches
196
Gender Studies
-Research into understanding how gender identities and expressions are shaped by and affect one's life chances
197
Sex
-The culturally agreed upon physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction
198
Gender
-The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes
199
Sexual Dimorphism
-The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species
200
Cultural Construction of Gender
-The ways humans learn to preform and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context
201
Transgender
-People whose gender indentity and performance do not correspond with the biological sex category assigned at birth
202
Cisgender
-People whose gender identity and performance correspond with their birth sex
203
Masculinity
-The ideas and practices associated with manhood
204
Femininity
-The ideas and practices associated with womanhood
205
Gender Performance
-The way gender identity is expressed through action
206
Machismo
-The concept has spread around the world features stereotypes of self-centered, sexist, tough guys
207
Intersex
-The state of being born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes
208
Biopower
-The power of the state to regulate the body
~Through control of biological sex characteristics to meet a cultural need for clear distinctions between the sexes
209
Hijras
-Expressing gender diversity in India
210
Gender Stratification
-An unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and pricileges
211
Gender Stereotypes
-Widely held preconceived notions about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in culture
212
Gender Ideology
-A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification
213
Gender Violence
-Forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved
214
Structural Gender Violence
-Gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basin resources such as food, shelter, and health care that differentially affect women in particular
215
"Global Chenderellas"
-Women who dreamt of escaping poverty and finding freedom through care work abroad, yet whose emancipation is built upon oppression and exploitation within their employer's home
216
"Global Cinderellas"
-Women who dreamt of escaping poverty and finding freedom through care work abroad, yet whose emancipation is built upon oppression and exploitation within their employer's home
217
Sexuality
-The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural
218
"Evolutionary Trajectory of Loving"
-Three distinct phases of falling in love
-Testosterone
~Found in both women and men triggering a sense of excitement, desire, arousal, and craving for sexual gratification (lust)
-Dopamine (possibly norephedrine and serotonin)
~To promote the feeling of romance that develops as relationships deepen
-Oxytocin and vasopressin
~Generates the feeling of calm and security that are associated with a long-term partnership (attachment)
-All three phases are built into our biological systems to ensure the reproduction of the human species, and they play key roles in shaping human sexuality
219
Mati
-Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women
220
Heterosexuality
-Attraction to and sexual relationship between individuals of the opposite sex
221
Homosexuality
-Attraction to and sexual relationship betweens individuals of the same sex
222
Bisexuality
-Attraction to and sexual relationship with members of both sexes
223
Asexuality
A lack of erotic attraction to others
224
Masturbation
-Considered a life-threatening, depleting form of self-abuse
225
Sexology
-A scientific study of sexuality
~Emerged in Europe and US in the late nineteenth century
226
Intersectionality
-The way systems of power interconnect to affect individuals lives and group experiences
227
Sex Tourism
-Travel, usually organized through the tourism sector, to facilitate commercial sexual relations between tourists and local residents in destinations around the world
228
Sex Work
-Labor through which one provides sexual services for money
