Information for the Midterm Flashcards
Anthropology
-The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another
Ethnocentrism
-The belief that one’s own culture or way of life is normal and natural
~Using one’s own culture to evaluate and judge the practices and ideals of others
Ethnographic Fieldwork
-A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology typically involving living and interacting with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives
Cross-Cultural and Comparative Approach
-The approach by which anthropologists compare practices across cultures to explore human similarities, differences, and the potential for human cultural expression
Four-Field Approach
-The use of four interrelated disciplines to study humanity
~Biological Anthropology
~Archaeology
~Linguistic Anthropology
~Cultural Anthropology
Holism
-The anthropological commitment to look at the whole picture of human life across space and time
~Culture
~Biology
~History
~Language
Biological Anthropology
-The study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly how they have evolved over time and adapted to their environment
Paleoanthropology
-The study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record
Primatology
-The study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior
Archaeology
-The investigation of the human past by means of excavating and analyzing artifacts
Prehistoric Archaeology
-The reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past (before written records (around 5,500 years ago)) through the examination of artifacts
Historic Archaeology
-The exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written or oral records
-Linguistic Anthropology
-The study of human languages in the past and the present
Descriptive Linguists
-Those who analyze languages and their component parts
Historic Linguists
Those who study how language changes over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures
Sociolinguists
-Those who study language in its social and cultural contexts
Cultural Anthropology
The study of people’s communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work and play together
Participant Observation
-An anthropological research strategy involving both participants in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied
Ethnology
-The analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures
Globalization
-The worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders
Globalization
-Key Dynamics
-Time-space compression
-Flexible accumulation
-Increasing migration
-Uneven development
~All of which are happening at an accelerating pace
*These dynamics are reshaping the ways humans adapt to the natural world, and the ways the natural world is adapting to us
Time-space Compression
-The rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that will transform the way people think about space (distance) and time
Offshoring
-Companies in developed countires move their factories to exportprocessing zones in the developing world
Outsourcing
-Other corporations shift part of their work to employees in other parts of the world
-Increasing Migration
-The accelerated movement of people within and between countries
Climate Change
-Changes to Earth’s climate, including global warming production primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by the burning of fossil fules
World Heritage Committee
-Begun in 1972
-Last met in July 2021
-Meet annually
Why do they matter?
-Global interest
-Global heritage
-Human story
-Predate current states
-Damaged sites
~Syria
~Afghanistan
~Mali
Interesting to Consider
-Many of the Sites are maintained by political units (and contemporary nations) that are detached from the culture that created the site/structure
The Study of Humanity
-All humans are connected
Peter Projection
-Continents represented more accurately (space/size)
-Schools now moving to use this map
-National Geographic favors
Mercator Projections
-Allows for accurate navigational lines, but exaggerates the size of polar regions (and minimizes equatorial regions)
Hobo-Dyer Map
Issues
-Eurocentric maps further marginalize people in developing nations
-The size of developing nations being smaller reduces the importance
-Placement at the ‘bottom’ of maps reduced the importance
-Pacific-centered map
Atlas of Prejudice (2015)
-Yanko Svetkov
~Bulgarian explorer
-Book is
~Thought provoking
~Sometimes funny
~Effective in cultural understanding
People’s Thoughts of the word Culture
-Think about the material goods or artistic forms produced by a distinct group of people
~Chinese food
~Middle Eastern Music
~Indian Clothing
~Greek Architechture
~African Dances
Culture
-A system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people
-It is not fixed =, it is changed, con
Enculturation
-The process of learning culture
Norms
-Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or towards certain people
Exogamy
-Marriage outside one’s group
Endogamy
-Marriage inside one’s group
Values
-Fundamental beliefs about what is important, what makes a good life, and what is true, right, and beautiful
Symbols
-Anything that represents something else
~Language
~Writing
~Gestures
~Unspoken sounds
Mental Maps of Reality
-Cultural classifications of what kinds of people and things exist, and the assignments of meaning to those classifications
First, Mental Maps
-Classify the reality
~Time
*Millennia, centuries, decades, years, seasons, months, weeks, morning, afternoon, evening, night, hours, minutes, and seconds
Second, Mental Maps
-Assign meanings to what has been classified
~Life span categories
*Infants, children, adolescents, teenagers, young adults, adults, and seniors
**The different values to different ages
Cultural Relativism
-Understanding a group’s beliefs and practices within their one cultural context, without making judgments
Edward Burnett Tylor’s definition of culture
-Culture or Civilization, taken in its wide, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
Unilineal Cultural Evolution
-The theory proposed by nineteenth-century anthropologist that all cultures naturally evolve though the same sequence of stages from simple to complex
Historical Particularism
-The idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories
Diffusion
-The borrowing of cultural traits and patterns from other cultures
Society
-The focus of early British anthropological research whose structure and function could be isolated and studied scientifically
Structural Functionalism
-A conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system on euqilibrium
Interpertivist Approach
-A conceptual framework that sees culture primarily as a symbolic system of deep meaning
Thick Description
-A research strategy that combines a detailed description of cultural activity with an analysis of the layers of deep cultural meaning in which those activities are embedded
Power
-The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence
Stratification
-The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture
Material Power
-Includes political, economic, or military power
~Exerts itself though coercion or brute force
Hegemony
-The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force
Michel Foucault’s views of hegemonic
-Aspects of power as the ability to make people discipline their own behavior so that they believe and act in a certain “normal” way
Agency
-The potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power
Epigenetics
-An area of study in the field of genetic exploring how environmental factors directly affect the expression of genes in ways that may be inherited between generations
Human Microbiome
-The complete collection of microorganisms in the human body’s ecosystem
Human Becomings
-Continually evolving and adapting, both on the species level and within the individual lifespan
Cosmopolitanism
-An outlook that combines both universally and difference
~Describe sophisticated urban professionals who travel and feel at home in different parts of the world
Culture
-Customs
-Values
-Attitudes
-Beliefs
Culture in Early Hominids
-Bipedalism 5-6 mya
-Stone tools 2.5 mya
-Dispersal out of Africa ca. 2 mya
-Conservative evolution until 200k years ago
Culture is
-Learned from others while growing up in a society or group
-Wide
-Responsible for differences in thinking and behavior between societies and groups
-Essential for completing the psychological and social development of individuals
-Symbolic and material value
-People communicating and interacting without explaining their behavior
-Share a common cultural identity
Socially Learned
-The process of growing up in a group
-Not transmitted to new generations genetically
-Learned by observation, imitation, communication, and inference
Knowledge
-How to behave in ways that are meaningful and accepted by others
-Allows people to survive, reproduce, and transmit their culture
Human Life
-Skills to adapt to surrounding
-Basis for human social life
Material vs. Non-Material Culture
-Material
~Things people make
-Non-Material
~Intangibles
~Ideas, values, norms, ideas, beliefs, language, gestures
Cultural Knowledge
-Norms
-Values
-Symbols
-Mental Maps of Reality
-Classifications
-World Views
Norms
-Ideas and rules about how people should behave in particular situations
~Agreements
-People who fail to follow the standards face negative reactions from the group
~Judge behavior
Symbols
-Something that represents something else
-An object or a symbol that stands for, represents or calls to mind something else
~Not universal, but within cultural context conveys meaning
Values
-Perople’s belief about the way of life that is desirable for themselves and their society
-Cultures promote and cultivate a core set of values
~What is important
~Should guide behaviors
-Cultural values are not fixed
Mental Maps of Reality
-Classify Relity
~Time
~Food
~Kinship
*As culture’s mental maps are drawn from the vantage point of those in power
-Assign meaning to classified things
~Ages
Unilineal Evolution
-All cultures would naturally evolve through the same stages
~Saveages
~Barbarians
~Civilized
*THESE ARE NOT TRUE
Globalization
-Homogenization
~Diminishes diversity
-Cultural Transference
~Two ways: Not bound to geographic locations
Fieldwork
-A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives
Fieldwork and the 4-Field Approach
-Franz Boas
~Cultural, linguistic, biological, and archeology
~Salvage anthropology
~Historical Particularism
*Cultures develop in unique ways due to their individual histories
~Cultural Relativism
*To see each culture on its own merits
-Bronislaw Malinowski
~Father of Fieldwork
~Paticipant observation
*Cornerstones of fieldwork
**Though their eyes
Toolkit
-Literature Review
-Physical Materials
-Surveys
-Informants
-Money Sources/ Grant management
-Legalities
~University
~National/International Requirements
~Agencies
-Transportation
Ethnographic Skills
-Open-mindedness
-Patience
-Flexibility
-Perspectives
~Emin
*Understanding from the inside
~Etic
*Understanding as an outsider
-Using THEIR voices
~Anonymity when necessary or possible
Mapping
-Map Surroundings
~Spatial awareness
~How space is used
~Physical environment influences human culture
~Allows for deeper analysis of the community dynamics
What is unique
-It is the primary research strategy today for the gathering of information
-Puts people first
-Fieldwork allows for effective observation
-Anthropologist make informed decisions in order to act morally and weigh the consequences of their actions
-Anthropologists must weigh complex interactions
-Living with others, gaining understanding their experience through their eye
Culture Shock
-A feeling of disorientation when subjected to unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes
Engaged Anthropology
-Using the research strategies and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities
-Anthropology believes that in a world of conflict and inequality, we must develop an active, politically committed, and morally engaged practice to address concrete local and global problems.
How do Anthropology write Ethnography
-Polyvocality
~Many voices
-Reflexivity
~Reflection on the experience (one’s position in relation to the study)
-Authority
~What right does one have to present the material, make claims and draw conclusions
*Establish credentials and trust
Fieldwork
-Implies going out to “the field” to do extensive research
Ethnographic Fieldwork
-A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology typically involving living and interacting with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives
Salvage Ethnography
-Fieldwork strategy developed by Franz boas to collect cultural, material, linguistic, and biological information about Native American populations being devastated by the westward expansion of European settlers
Synchronic approach
-Sought to control experiments by limiting consideration of the larger historical and social context in order to isolate as many variables as possible
Reflexivity
-A critical self-xamination of the role the anthropologist plays and an awareness that one’s identity affects one’s fieldwork and theoretical analyses
Engaged Anthropologist
Applying the research strateditd and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities and the world at large
Anthropologist’s Toolkit
-The tools needed to conduct fieldwork, including information, perspectives, strategies, and even equipment
Literature Reivew
-Provides a crucial background for the experiences to come
Quantitative data
-Statistical information about a community that can be measured and compared
Qualitative data
-Descriptive data drawn from nonstatistical sources, including personal stories, interviews, life histories, and participant observation
Key Information
-A community member who advises the anthropologist on community issues, provides feedback, and warns against cultural miscues
~Cultural Consultant
Life History
-A form of interview that traces the biography of a person over time, examining changesin the pweson’s life and illuminating the interlocking network of relationships in the community
Interview
-Conducted in the field
~Informal, essentially involving a form of data gathering through everyday conversations
~Formal, closely following a set of questions
Survey
-An information-gathering tool for quantitative data analysis
Kinship Analysis
-A fieldwork strategy of examining interlocking realtionships of power built on marriage and family ties
Social Network Analysis
-A method for examing relationships in a community, often conducted by identifying whom people turn to in times of need
Field notes
-The anthropologist’s written observations and reflections on places, practices, events, and interviews
Mapping
-The analysis of the physical and/or geographical space where fieldwork is being conducted
Built Environment
-The intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation and public service infrastructure, and public space
Zeros
-Elements of a story or a picture that are not told or seen and yet offer key insight into issues that might be too sensitive to discuss or display publicly
Mutual Transformation
-The potential for both the anthropolgist and the members of the community being studied to be transformed by the interactions of fieldwork
Emic
-An approach to gathering data that inestigates how local people think and how they understand the word
Etic
-Description of local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologist’s perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures
Ethnology
-The analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures
Polyvocality
-The practice of using many different voices in ethnographic writing and research question development, allowing the reader to hear more directly from the people in the study
Informed Consent
-A key strategy for protecting those being studied by ensuring that they are fully informed of the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate
Anonymity
-Protecting the identities of the people involved in a study by changing or omitting their names or other identifying characteristics
Call System
-Animal communication of sounds and gestures that are prompted by environmental stimuli
Language
-A system of communication organized by rules that uses symbols such as words, sounds, and gestures to convey information
Productivity
-That they can use known words to invent new word combinations
Displacement
-The ability ti use words to refer to objects not immediately present or events happening in the past or future
Historical Linguistics
-The study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations
Language Continuum
-The idea that variations in language appears gradually over distance so that groups of people wholive near one another skeap in a way that is mutually intalligilble
Speech Community
-A gruop of people who come to share certain norms of language ise through living and communicating together
Descriptive Linguistics
-The study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning
Phonemes
-The smallest units of sound that can make a difference in meaning
Phonology
-The study of what sounds exist and how they are used in a particular language
Morphemes
-The smallest unit of sound that carry meaning on their own
Morphology
-The study of patterns and rules of how sounds combine to make morphemes
Syntax
-The specific patterns and rules for combining morphemes to construct phrases and sentences
Grammar
-The combined set of observations about the rules governing the use of phonemes, morphemes, and syntax that guide language use
Proxemics
-Cultural understandings about the use of space
Haptics
-Rhe culturally accepted rules of touch
Kinesics
-The study of the relationship between body movements and communication
Paralanguage
-An extensive set of noises and tones of voice that convey significant information about the speaker
~Such as laughs, cries, sighs, and yells
Focal Vocabulary
-Sets of words that pertain to important aspects of the culture
~More than one word for the same thing, animal, or object
Linguistic Relativity
-The notion that all languages will develop the distinctive categories necessary for those who speak them to deal with realities around them
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
-The idea that different languages create different ways of thinking
Lexicon
-All the words for name, ideas, and events that make up a language’s dictionary
Speech Register
-The words and terminology that develop with particular sophistication to describe the unique cultural realities experienced by a group of people
Sociolinguistics
-The study of the way culture shapes language and language shapes culture, particularly the intersection of language with cultural categories and systems of power such as age, race, ethnicity, sexuality, gender, and class
Difference Model
-A theory used to explain the differences between genders in a career path
~Tries to map reality
Dominance Model
-A stance in which a small elite of powerful interests is seen as controlling the mass media
~Tries to challenge and change it
Language Ideology
-Beliefs and conceptions about language that often serve to rationalize and justify patterns of stratification and inequality
Code Switching
-Switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another, or one language and another, depending on the cultural context
Language Loss
-The extinction of languages that have very few speakers
Ethnologue
-An encyclopedic reference work cataloging all of the world’s 7,111 known living languages
Digital Natives
-A generation of people born after 1980 who have been raised in the digital age
Digital Immigrants
-Used the technology and platforms of the digital age but have had to learn them as if immigrating into a new culture or learning a second language
Race
-A flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups
Racism
-Individual’s thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opprotunities based on imagined differences among groups
Genotype
-The inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism’s physical form
Phenotype
-The way genes are expressed in an organism’s physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors
Colonialism
-The practices by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions
Bachata
-Commonly uses negro, prieto, and morena, terms for black or dark men and women, to refer to the signers, their loves, and their audience
Brazil’s Racial Class System
-alva (pure white)
-alva-escuro (off-white)
-alva-rosada (pinkish white)
-branca (white)
-clara (light)
-branca morena (darkish white)
-branca suja (dirty white)
-cafe (coffee colored)
-cafe comleite (coffee with milk)
-camela (cinnamon)
-preta (black)
-pretinha (lighter black)
Minah
-A common Malay woman’s name, reflects the mass migration of rural workers to the factories
Karan
-Carries two meanings
~”Electric Current” situates these women in the electronics fatories
~Implies sexual electricity
White Supremacy
-The belief that whites are biologically different from and superior to people of other races
White
-A construction, first appearing in a public document in reference to a separate race only in 1691 in Virginia
Whiteness
-A culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia, designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not
~A process central to the formation of US racial stratification
Jim Crow
-Laws implemented after the US Civil War to enforce segregation legally, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery
Hypodescent
-Sometimes called the “one drop of blood rule;” the assignment of children of racially “mixed” unions to the subordinate group
Nativism
-The favoring of certain long-term inhabitants, namely whites, over new immigrants
“Yellow Peril”
-A “race” that could not be trusted
Racialization
-The process of categorizing, differentiation, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people
“White”
-Anthropologists refer to as an unmaked category
~One with tremendous power, but one that typically defied analysis and is rarely discussed
Individual Racism
-Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race
Microaggression
-Common, everyday verbal or behavioral indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone’s race, gender, sexual orientation or religion
Institutional Racism
-Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems
Racial Ideology
-A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal
Intersectionality
-An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification
Lexicon
Kinesics
Paralanguage
Minority
-A term signifying a smaller group that differs from the dominant, majority culture in language, food, dress, immigrant, history, national origin, or religion
Ethnicity
-A sense of historical cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group
Fredrik Barth
-Ethnicity
-Social organization of cultural differences
Origin Myth
-A story about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity
Ethnic Boundary Marker
-A practice ot belief used to signify who is in a group and who is not, but yet may change over time
Situational Negoation of identity
-An individual’s self-identification who a particular group that can shift according to social location
Ethnic Boundary Makers
-A struggle that reveals deep disagreements among Indian immigrants and many of their children
Identity Entrepreneurs
-Political, military, or religious leaders who promote a worldview through the lens of ethnicity and use war, propaganda against those whom they perceive as a danger
Genocide
-The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group
Ethnic Cleansing
-Efforts by representatives od one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area
Melting Pot
-A metaphor to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into US dominant culture
Assimilation
-The process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups
Multiculturalism
-A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture
State
-An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory
Nation-State
-A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforcement borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry , and destiny as a people
Citizenship
-Legal membership in a nation-state
Nation
-A term once used to describe a group of people thought to share a place of origin
Nationalism
-The desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state
Imagined Community
-The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlie identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet
Diaspora
-A group of people living outside their ancestral homeland yet maintain emotional and material ties to home
Mhondoro
-The spirits of dead Shona kings and chiefs
Potrero
-The empty and uneven lots of confined outdoor spaces where neighborhood boys play after school without teachers or coaches
Gender Studies
-Research into understanding how gender identities and expressions are shaped by and affect one’s life chances
Sex
-The culturally agreed upon physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction
Gender
-The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes
Sexual Dimorphism
-The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species
Cultural Construction of Gender
-The ways humans learn to preform and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context
Transgender
-People whose gender indentity and performance do not correspond with the biological sex category assigned at birth
Cisgender
-People whose gender identity and performance correspond with their birth sex
Masculinity
-The ideas and practices associated with manhood
Femininity
-The ideas and practices associated with womanhood
Gender Performance
-The way gender identity is expressed through action
Machismo
-The concept has spread around the world features stereotypes of self-centered, sexist, tough guys
Intersex
-The state of being born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes
Biopower
-The power of the state to regulate the body
~Through control of biological sex characteristics to meet a cultural need for clear distinctions between the sexes
Hijras
-Expressing gender diversity in India
Gender Stratification
-An unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights, and pricileges
Gender Stereotypes
-Widely held preconceived notions about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in culture
Gender Ideology
-A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification
Gender Violence
-Forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved
Structural Gender Violence
-Gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basin resources such as food, shelter, and health care that differentially affect women in particular
“Global Chenderellas”
-Women who dreamt of escaping poverty and finding freedom through care work abroad, yet whose emancipation is built upon oppression and exploitation within their employer’s home
“Global Cinderellas”
-Women who dreamt of escaping poverty and finding freedom through care work abroad, yet whose emancipation is built upon oppression and exploitation within their employer’s home
Sexuality
-The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural
“Evolutionary Trajectory of Loving”
-Three distinct phases of falling in love
-Testosterone
~Found in both women and men triggering a sense of excitement, desire, arousal, and craving for sexual gratification (lust)
-Dopamine (possibly norephedrine and serotonin)
~To promote the feeling of romance that develops as relationships deepen
-Oxytocin and vasopressin
~Generates the feeling of calm and security that are associated with a long-term partnership (attachment)
-All three phases are built into our biological systems to ensure the reproduction of the human species, and they play key roles in shaping human sexuality
Mati
-Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women
Heterosexuality
-Attraction to and sexual relationship between individuals of the opposite sex
Homosexuality
-Attraction to and sexual relationship betweens individuals of the same sex
Bisexuality
-Attraction to and sexual relationship with members of both sexes
Asexuality
A lack of erotic attraction to others
Masturbation
-Considered a life-threatening, depleting form of self-abuse
Sexology
-A scientific study of sexuality
~Emerged in Europe and US in the late nineteenth century
Intersectionality
-The way systems of power interconnect to affect individuals lives and group experiences
Sex Tourism
-Travel, usually organized through the tourism sector, to facilitate commercial sexual relations between tourists and local residents in destinations around the world
Sex Work
-Labor through which one provides sexual services for money
