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ANTH 101 (Cultural) > Information for the Midterm > Flashcards

Information for the Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Anthropology

A

-The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another

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2
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

-The belief that one’s own culture or way of life is normal and natural
~Using one’s own culture to evaluate and judge the practices and ideals of others

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3
Q

Ethnographic Fieldwork

A

-A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology typically involving living and interacting with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives

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4
Q

Cross-Cultural and Comparative Approach

A

-The approach by which anthropologists compare practices across cultures to explore human similarities, differences, and the potential for human cultural expression

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5
Q

Four-Field Approach

A

-The use of four interrelated disciplines to study humanity
~Biological Anthropology
~Archaeology
~Linguistic Anthropology
~Cultural Anthropology

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6
Q

Holism

A

-The anthropological commitment to look at the whole picture of human life across space and time
~Culture
~Biology
~History
~Language

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7
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

-The study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly how they have evolved over time and adapted to their environment

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8
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

-The study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record

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9
Q

Primatology

A

-The study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior

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10
Q

Archaeology

A

-The investigation of the human past by means of excavating and analyzing artifacts

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11
Q

Prehistoric Archaeology

A

-The reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past (before written records (around 5,500 years ago)) through the examination of artifacts

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12
Q

Historic Archaeology

A

-The exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written or oral records

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13
Q

-Linguistic Anthropology

A

-The study of human languages in the past and the present

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14
Q

Descriptive Linguists

A

-Those who analyze languages and their component parts

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15
Q

Historic Linguists

A

Those who study how language changes over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures

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16
Q

Sociolinguists

A

-Those who study language in its social and cultural contexts

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17
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

The study of people’s communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work and play together

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18
Q

Participant Observation

A

-An anthropological research strategy involving both participants in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied

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19
Q

Ethnology

A

-The analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures

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20
Q

Globalization

A

-The worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders

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21
Q

Globalization
-Key Dynamics

A

-Time-space compression
-Flexible accumulation
-Increasing migration
-Uneven development
~All of which are happening at an accelerating pace
*These dynamics are reshaping the ways humans adapt to the natural world, and the ways the natural world is adapting to us

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22
Q

Time-space Compression

A

-The rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that will transform the way people think about space (distance) and time

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23
Q

Offshoring

A

-Companies in developed countires move their factories to exportprocessing zones in the developing world

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24
Q

Outsourcing

A

-Other corporations shift part of their work to employees in other parts of the world

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25
Q

-Increasing Migration

A

-The accelerated movement of people within and between countries

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26
Q

Climate Change

A

-Changes to Earth’s climate, including global warming production primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by the burning of fossil fules

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27
Q

World Heritage Committee

A

-Begun in 1972
-Last met in July 2021
-Meet annually

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28
Q

Why do they matter?

A

-Global interest
-Global heritage
-Human story
-Predate current states
-Damaged sites
~Syria
~Afghanistan
~Mali

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29
Q

Interesting to Consider

A

-Many of the Sites are maintained by political units (and contemporary nations) that are detached from the culture that created the site/structure

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30
Q

The Study of Humanity

A

-All humans are connected

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31
Q

Peter Projection

A

-Continents represented more accurately (space/size)
-Schools now moving to use this map
-National Geographic favors

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32
Q

Mercator Projections

A

-Allows for accurate navigational lines, but exaggerates the size of polar regions (and minimizes equatorial regions)

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33
Q

Hobo-Dyer Map

A
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34
Q

Issues

A

-Eurocentric maps further marginalize people in developing nations
-The size of developing nations being smaller reduces the importance
-Placement at the ‘bottom’ of maps reduced the importance
-Pacific-centered map

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35
Q

Atlas of Prejudice (2015)

A

-Yanko Svetkov
~Bulgarian explorer
-Book is
~Thought provoking
~Sometimes funny
~Effective in cultural understanding

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36
Q

People’s Thoughts of the word Culture

A

-Think about the material goods or artistic forms produced by a distinct group of people
~Chinese food
~Middle Eastern Music
~Indian Clothing
~Greek Architechture
~African Dances

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37
Q

Culture

A

-A system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people
-It is not fixed =, it is changed, con

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38
Q

Enculturation

A

-The process of learning culture

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39
Q

Norms

A

-Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or towards certain people

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40
Q

Exogamy

A

-Marriage outside one’s group

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41
Q

Endogamy

A

-Marriage inside one’s group

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42
Q

Values

A

-Fundamental beliefs about what is important, what makes a good life, and what is true, right, and beautiful

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43
Q

Symbols

A

-Anything that represents something else
~Language
~Writing
~Gestures
~Unspoken sounds

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44
Q

Mental Maps of Reality

A

-Cultural classifications of what kinds of people and things exist, and the assignments of meaning to those classifications

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45
Q

First, Mental Maps

A

-Classify the reality
~Time
*Millennia, centuries, decades, years, seasons, months, weeks, morning, afternoon, evening, night, hours, minutes, and seconds

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46
Q

Second, Mental Maps

A

-Assign meanings to what has been classified
~Life span categories
*Infants, children, adolescents, teenagers, young adults, adults, and seniors
**The different values to different ages

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47
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

-Understanding a group’s beliefs and practices within their one cultural context, without making judgments

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48
Q

Edward Burnett Tylor’s definition of culture

A

-Culture or Civilization, taken in its wide, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

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49
Q

Unilineal Cultural Evolution

A

-The theory proposed by nineteenth-century anthropologist that all cultures naturally evolve though the same sequence of stages from simple to complex

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50
Q

Historical Particularism

A

-The idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories

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51
Q

Diffusion

A

-The borrowing of cultural traits and patterns from other cultures

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52
Q

Society

A

-The focus of early British anthropological research whose structure and function could be isolated and studied scientifically

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53
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

-A conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system on euqilibrium

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54
Q

Interpertivist Approach

A

-A conceptual framework that sees culture primarily as a symbolic system of deep meaning

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55
Q

Thick Description

A

-A research strategy that combines a detailed description of cultural activity with an analysis of the layers of deep cultural meaning in which those activities are embedded

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56
Q

Power

A

-The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence

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57
Q

Stratification

A

-The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture

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58
Q

Material Power

A

-Includes political, economic, or military power
~Exerts itself though coercion or brute force

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59
Q

Hegemony

A

-The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force

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60
Q

Michel Foucault’s views of hegemonic

A

-Aspects of power as the ability to make people discipline their own behavior so that they believe and act in a certain “normal” way

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61
Q

Agency

A

-The potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power

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62
Q

Epigenetics

A

-An area of study in the field of genetic exploring how environmental factors directly affect the expression of genes in ways that may be inherited between generations

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63
Q

Human Microbiome

A

-The complete collection of microorganisms in the human body’s ecosystem

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64
Q

Human Becomings

A

-Continually evolving and adapting, both on the species level and within the individual lifespan

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65
Q

Cosmopolitanism

A

-An outlook that combines both universally and difference
~Describe sophisticated urban professionals who travel and feel at home in different parts of the world

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66
Q

Culture

A

-Customs
-Values
-Attitudes
-Beliefs

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67
Q

Culture in Early Hominids

A

-Bipedalism 5-6 mya
-Stone tools 2.5 mya
-Dispersal out of Africa ca. 2 mya
-Conservative evolution until 200k years ago

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68
Q

Culture is

A

-Learned from others while growing up in a society or group
-Wide
-Responsible for differences in thinking and behavior between societies and groups
-Essential for completing the psychological and social development of individuals
-Symbolic and material value
-People communicating and interacting without explaining their behavior
-Share a common cultural identity

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69
Q

Socially Learned

A

-The process of growing up in a group
-Not transmitted to new generations genetically
-Learned by observation, imitation, communication, and inference

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70
Q

Knowledge

A

-How to behave in ways that are meaningful and accepted by others
-Allows people to survive, reproduce, and transmit their culture

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71
Q

Human Life

A

-Skills to adapt to surrounding
-Basis for human social life

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72
Q

Material vs. Non-Material Culture

A

-Material
~Things people make
-Non-Material
~Intangibles
~Ideas, values, norms, ideas, beliefs, language, gestures

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73
Q

Cultural Knowledge

A

-Norms
-Values
-Symbols
-Mental Maps of Reality
-Classifications
-World Views

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74
Q

Norms

A

-Ideas and rules about how people should behave in particular situations
~Agreements
-People who fail to follow the standards face negative reactions from the group
~Judge behavior

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75
Q

Symbols

A

-Something that represents something else
-An object or a symbol that stands for, represents or calls to mind something else
~Not universal, but within cultural context conveys meaning

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76
Q

Values

A

-Perople’s belief about the way of life that is desirable for themselves and their society
-Cultures promote and cultivate a core set of values
~What is important
~Should guide behaviors
-Cultural values are not fixed

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77
Q

Mental Maps of Reality

A

-Classify Relity
~Time
~Food
~Kinship
*As culture’s mental maps are drawn from the vantage point of those in power
-Assign meaning to classified things
~Ages

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78
Q

Unilineal Evolution

A

-All cultures would naturally evolve through the same stages
~Saveages
~Barbarians
~Civilized
*THESE ARE NOT TRUE

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79
Q

Globalization

A

-Homogenization
~Diminishes diversity
-Cultural Transference
~Two ways: Not bound to geographic locations

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80
Q

Fieldwork

A

-A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives

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81
Q

Fieldwork and the 4-Field Approach

A

-Franz Boas
~Cultural, linguistic, biological, and archeology
~Salvage anthropology
~Historical Particularism
*Cultures develop in unique ways due to their individual histories
~Cultural Relativism
*To see each culture on its own merits
-Bronislaw Malinowski
~Father of Fieldwork
~Paticipant observation
*Cornerstones of fieldwork
**Though their eyes

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82
Q

Toolkit

A

-Literature Review
-Physical Materials
-Surveys
-Informants
-Money Sources/ Grant management
-Legalities
~University
~National/International Requirements
~Agencies
-Transportation

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83
Q

Ethnographic Skills

A

-Open-mindedness
-Patience
-Flexibility
-Perspectives
~Emin
*Understanding from the inside
~Etic
*Understanding as an outsider
-Using THEIR voices
~Anonymity when necessary or possible

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84
Q

Mapping

A

-Map Surroundings
~Spatial awareness
~How space is used
~Physical environment influences human culture
~Allows for deeper analysis of the community dynamics

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85
Q

What is unique

A

-It is the primary research strategy today for the gathering of information
-Puts people first
-Fieldwork allows for effective observation
-Anthropologist make informed decisions in order to act morally and weigh the consequences of their actions
-Anthropologists must weigh complex interactions
-Living with others, gaining understanding their experience through their eye

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86
Q

Culture Shock

A

-A feeling of disorientation when subjected to unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes

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87
Q

Engaged Anthropology

A

-Using the research strategies and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities
-Anthropology believes that in a world of conflict and inequality, we must develop an active, politically committed, and morally engaged practice to address concrete local and global problems.

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88
Q

How do Anthropology write Ethnography

A

-Polyvocality
~Many voices
-Reflexivity
~Reflection on the experience (one’s position in relation to the study)
-Authority
~What right does one have to present the material, make claims and draw conclusions
*Establish credentials and trust

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89
Q

Fieldwork

A

-Implies going out to “the field” to do extensive research

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90
Q

Ethnographic Fieldwork

A

-A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology typically involving living and interacting with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives

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91
Q

Salvage Ethnography

A

-Fieldwork strategy developed by Franz boas to collect cultural, material, linguistic, and biological information about Native American populations being devastated by the westward expansion of European settlers

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92
Q

Synchronic approach

A

-Sought to control experiments by limiting consideration of the larger historical and social context in order to isolate as many variables as possible

93
Q

Reflexivity

A

-A critical self-xamination of the role the anthropologist plays and an awareness that one’s identity affects one’s fieldwork and theoretical analyses

94
Q

Engaged Anthropologist

A

Applying the research strateditd and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities and the world at large

95
Q

Anthropologist’s Toolkit

A

-The tools needed to conduct fieldwork, including information, perspectives, strategies, and even equipment

96
Q

Literature Reivew

A

-Provides a crucial background for the experiences to come

97
Q

Quantitative data

A

-Statistical information about a community that can be measured and compared

98
Q

Qualitative data

A

-Descriptive data drawn from nonstatistical sources, including personal stories, interviews, life histories, and participant observation

99
Q

Key Information

A

-A community member who advises the anthropologist on community issues, provides feedback, and warns against cultural miscues
~Cultural Consultant

100
Q

Life History

A

-A form of interview that traces the biography of a person over time, examining changesin the pweson’s life and illuminating the interlocking network of relationships in the community

101
Q

Interview

A

-Conducted in the field
~Informal, essentially involving a form of data gathering through everyday conversations
~Formal, closely following a set of questions

102
Q

Survey

A

-An information-gathering tool for quantitative data analysis

103
Q

Kinship Analysis

A

-A fieldwork strategy of examining interlocking realtionships of power built on marriage and family ties

104
Q

Social Network Analysis

A

-A method for examing relationships in a community, often conducted by identifying whom people turn to in times of need

105
Q

Field notes

A

-The anthropologist’s written observations and reflections on places, practices, events, and interviews

106
Q

Mapping

A

-The analysis of the physical and/or geographical space where fieldwork is being conducted

107
Q

Built Environment

A

-The intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation and public service infrastructure, and public space

108
Q

Zeros

A

-Elements of a story or a picture that are not told or seen and yet offer key insight into issues that might be too sensitive to discuss or display publicly

109
Q

Mutual Transformation

A

-The potential for both the anthropolgist and the members of the community being studied to be transformed by the interactions of fieldwork

110
Q

Emic

A

-An approach to gathering data that inestigates how local people think and how they understand the word

111
Q

Etic

A

-Description of local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologist’s perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures

112
Q

Ethnology

A

-The analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures

113
Q

Polyvocality

A

-The practice of using many different voices in ethnographic writing and research question development, allowing the reader to hear more directly from the people in the study

114
Q

Informed Consent

A

-A key strategy for protecting those being studied by ensuring that they are fully informed of the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate

115
Q

Anonymity

A

-Protecting the identities of the people involved in a study by changing or omitting their names or other identifying characteristics

116
Q

Call System

A

-Animal communication of sounds and gestures that are prompted by environmental stimuli

117
Q

Language

A

-A system of communication organized by rules that uses symbols such as words, sounds, and gestures to convey information

118
Q

Productivity

A

-That they can use known words to invent new word combinations

119
Q

Displacement

A

-The ability ti use words to refer to objects not immediately present or events happening in the past or future

120
Q

Historical Linguistics

A

-The study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations

121
Q

Language Continuum

A

-The idea that variations in language appears gradually over distance so that groups of people wholive near one another skeap in a way that is mutually intalligilble

122
Q

Speech Community

A

-A gruop of people who come to share certain norms of language ise through living and communicating together

123
Q

Descriptive Linguistics

A

-The study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning

124
Q

Phonemes

A

-The smallest units of sound that can make a difference in meaning

125
Q

Phonology

A

-The study of what sounds exist and how they are used in a particular language

126
Q

Morphemes

A

-The smallest unit of sound that carry meaning on their own

127
Q

Morphology

A

-The study of patterns and rules of how sounds combine to make morphemes

128
Q

Syntax

A

-The specific patterns and rules for combining morphemes to construct phrases and sentences

129
Q

Grammar

A

-The combined set of observations about the rules governing the use of phonemes, morphemes, and syntax that guide language use

130
Q

Proxemics

A

-Cultural understandings about the use of space

131
Q

Haptics

A

-Rhe culturally accepted rules of touch

132
Q

Kinesics

A

-The study of the relationship between body movements and communication

133
Q

Paralanguage

A

-An extensive set of noises and tones of voice that convey significant information about the speaker
~Such as laughs, cries, sighs, and yells

134
Q

Focal Vocabulary

A

-Sets of words that pertain to important aspects of the culture
~More than one word for the same thing, animal, or object

135
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A

-The notion that all languages will develop the distinctive categories necessary for those who speak them to deal with realities around them

136
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

-The idea that different languages create different ways of thinking

137
Q

Lexicon

A

-All the words for name, ideas, and events that make up a language’s dictionary

138
Q

Speech Register

A

-The words and terminology that develop with particular sophistication to describe the unique cultural realities experienced by a group of people

139
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

-The study of the way culture shapes language and language shapes culture, particularly the intersection of language with cultural categories and systems of power such as age, race, ethnicity, sexuality, gender, and class

140
Q

Difference Model

A

-A theory used to explain the differences between genders in a career path
~Tries to map reality

141
Q

Dominance Model

A

-A stance in which a small elite of powerful interests is seen as controlling the mass media
~Tries to challenge and change it

142
Q

Language Ideology

A

-Beliefs and conceptions about language that often serve to rationalize and justify patterns of stratification and inequality

143
Q

Code Switching

A

-Switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another, or one language and another, depending on the cultural context

144
Q

Language Loss

A

-The extinction of languages that have very few speakers

145
Q

Ethnologue

A

-An encyclopedic reference work cataloging all of the world’s 7,111 known living languages

146
Q

Digital Natives

A

-A generation of people born after 1980 who have been raised in the digital age

147
Q

Digital Immigrants

A

-Used the technology and platforms of the digital age but have had to learn them as if immigrating into a new culture or learning a second language

148
Q

Race

A

-A flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups

149
Q

Racism

A

-Individual’s thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opprotunities based on imagined differences among groups

150
Q

Genotype

A

-The inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism’s physical form

151
Q

Phenotype

A

-The way genes are expressed in an organism’s physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors

152
Q

Colonialism

A

-The practices by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

153
Q

Bachata

A

-Commonly uses negro, prieto, and morena, terms for black or dark men and women, to refer to the signers, their loves, and their audience

154
Q

Brazil’s Racial Class System

A

-alva (pure white)
-alva-escuro (off-white)
-alva-rosada (pinkish white)
-branca (white)
-clara (light)
-branca morena (darkish white)
-branca suja (dirty white)
-cafe (coffee colored)
-cafe comleite (coffee with milk)
-camela (cinnamon)
-preta (black)
-pretinha (lighter black)

155
Q

Minah

A

-A common Malay woman’s name, reflects the mass migration of rural workers to the factories

156
Q

Karan

A

-Carries two meanings
~”Electric Current” situates these women in the electronics fatories
~Implies sexual electricity

157
Q

White Supremacy

A

-The belief that whites are biologically different from and superior to people of other races

158
Q

White

A

-A construction, first appearing in a public document in reference to a separate race only in 1691 in Virginia

159
Q

Whiteness

A

-A culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia, designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not
~A process central to the formation of US racial stratification

160
Q

Jim Crow

A

-Laws implemented after the US Civil War to enforce segregation legally, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery

161
Q

Hypodescent

A

-Sometimes called the “one drop of blood rule;” the assignment of children of racially “mixed” unions to the subordinate group

162
Q

Nativism

A

-The favoring of certain long-term inhabitants, namely whites, over new immigrants

163
Q

“Yellow Peril”

A

-A “race” that could not be trusted

164
Q

Racialization

A

-The process of categorizing, differentiation, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people

165
Q

“White”

A

-Anthropologists refer to as an unmaked category
~One with tremendous power, but one that typically defied analysis and is rarely discussed

166
Q

Individual Racism

A

-Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race

167
Q

Microaggression

A

-Common, everyday verbal or behavioral indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone’s race, gender, sexual orientation or religion

168
Q

Institutional Racism

A

-Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems

169
Q

Racial Ideology

A

-A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal

170
Q

Intersectionality

A

-An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification

171
Q

Lexicon

A
172
Q

Kinesics

A
173
Q

Paralanguage

A
174
Q

Minority

A

-A term signifying a smaller group that differs from the dominant, majority culture in language, food, dress, immigrant, history, national origin, or religion

175
Q

Ethnicity

A

-A sense of historical cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group

176
Q

Fredrik Barth
-Ethnicity

A

-Social organization of cultural differences

177
Q

Origin Myth

A

-A story about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity

178
Q

Ethnic Boundary Marker

A

-A practice ot belief used to signify who is in a group and who is not, but yet may change over time

179
Q

Situational Negoation of identity

A

-An individual’s self-identification who a particular group that can shift according to social location

180
Q

Ethnic Boundary Makers

A

-A struggle that reveals deep disagreements among Indian immigrants and many of their children

181
Q

Identity Entrepreneurs

A

-Political, military, or religious leaders who promote a worldview through the lens of ethnicity and use war, propaganda against those whom they perceive as a danger

182
Q

Genocide

A

-The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group

183
Q

Ethnic Cleansing

A

-Efforts by representatives od one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area

184
Q

Melting Pot

A

-A metaphor to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into US dominant culture

185
Q

Assimilation

A

-The process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups

186
Q

Multiculturalism

A

-A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture

187
Q

State

A

-An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory

188
Q

Nation-State

A

-A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforcement borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry , and destiny as a people

189
Q

Citizenship

A

-Legal membership in a nation-state

190
Q

Nation

A

-A term once used to describe a group of people thought to share a place of origin

191
Q

Nationalism

A

-The desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state

192
Q

Imagined Community

A

-The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlie identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet

193
Q

Diaspora

A

-A group of people living outside their ancestral homeland yet maintain emotional and material ties to home

194
Q

Mhondoro

A

-The spirits of dead Shona kings and chiefs

195
Q

Potrero

A

-The empty and uneven lots of confined outdoor spaces where neighborhood boys play after school without teachers or coaches

196
Q

Gender Studies

A

-Research into understanding how gender identities and expressions are shaped by and affect one’s life chances

197
Q

Sex

A

-The culturally agreed upon physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction

198
Q

Gender

A

-The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes

199
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

-The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species

200
Q

Cultural Construction of Gender

A

-The ways humans learn to preform and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context

201
Q

Transgender

A

-People whose gender indentity and performance do not correspond with the biological sex category assigned at birth

202
Q

Cisgender

A

-People whose gender identity and performance correspond with their birth sex

203
Q

Masculinity

A

-The ideas and practices associated with manhood

204
Q

Femininity

A

-The ideas and practices associated with womanhood

205
Q

Gender Performance

A

-The way gender identity is expressed through action

206
Q

Machismo

A

-The concept has spread around the world features stereotypes of self-centered, sexist, tough guys

207
Q

Intersex

A

-The state of being born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes

208
Q

Biopower

A

-The power of the state to regulate the body
~Through control of biological sex characteristics to meet a cultural need for clear distinctions between the sexes

209
Q

Hijras

A

-Expressing gender diversity in India

210
Q

Gender Stratification

A

-An unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights, and pricileges

211
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

-Widely held preconceived notions about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in culture

212
Q

Gender Ideology

A

-A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification

213
Q

Gender Violence

A

-Forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved

214
Q

Structural Gender Violence

A

-Gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basin resources such as food, shelter, and health care that differentially affect women in particular

215
Q

“Global Chenderellas”

A

-Women who dreamt of escaping poverty and finding freedom through care work abroad, yet whose emancipation is built upon oppression and exploitation within their employer’s home

216
Q

“Global Cinderellas”

A

-Women who dreamt of escaping poverty and finding freedom through care work abroad, yet whose emancipation is built upon oppression and exploitation within their employer’s home

217
Q

Sexuality

A

-The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural

218
Q

“Evolutionary Trajectory of Loving”
-Three distinct phases of falling in love

A

-Testosterone
~Found in both women and men triggering a sense of excitement, desire, arousal, and craving for sexual gratification (lust)
-Dopamine (possibly norephedrine and serotonin)
~To promote the feeling of romance that develops as relationships deepen
-Oxytocin and vasopressin
~Generates the feeling of calm and security that are associated with a long-term partnership (attachment)
-All three phases are built into our biological systems to ensure the reproduction of the human species, and they play key roles in shaping human sexuality

219
Q

Mati

A

-Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women

220
Q

Heterosexuality

A

-Attraction to and sexual relationship between individuals of the opposite sex

221
Q

Homosexuality

A

-Attraction to and sexual relationship betweens individuals of the same sex

222
Q

Bisexuality

A

-Attraction to and sexual relationship with members of both sexes

223
Q

Asexuality

A

A lack of erotic attraction to others

224
Q

Masturbation

A

-Considered a life-threatening, depleting form of self-abuse

225
Q

Sexology

A

-A scientific study of sexuality
~Emerged in Europe and US in the late nineteenth century

226
Q

Intersectionality

A

-The way systems of power interconnect to affect individuals lives and group experiences

227
Q

Sex Tourism

A

-Travel, usually organized through the tourism sector, to facilitate commercial sexual relations between tourists and local residents in destinations around the world

228
Q

Sex Work

A

-Labor through which one provides sexual services for money

ANTH 101 (Cultural) (2 decks)

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