Information for the Final Flashcards
Kinship
-The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities
Nuclear Family
-The kinship of mother, father, and children
Descent Group
-A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through certain consanguineous (“blood”) relatives
Lineage
-A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor
Clan
-A type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lack genealogical documentation
Matrilineal
-Constructing the group through female ancestors
Patrilineal
-Tracing kinship through male ancestors
Unilineal
-Reflection of both matrilineal and patrilineal because they build kinship groups through either one line or the other
Ambilinea (Also known as Cognatic or bilateral)
-Trace kinship through both the mother and father
Patrilineal Descent Group
-A kinship group in which membership passes to the next generation from father to son
Exogamous
-Meaning that marriages within the group were not permitted
Cultural Revolution
-A modernization campaign promoted by the Chinese government to throw out the old and bring in the new
~Refering to the family and temple ancestral records in the late 1960s
Affinal Relationship
-A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent
Marriages
-A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance
Arranged Marriage
-Marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties
Companionate Marriage
-Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation
Polygyny
-Marriage between one man and two or more women
Polyandry
-Marriage between one woman and two or more men
Monogamy
-A relationship between only two partners
Serial Monogamy
-Which monogamous marriages follow one after the other
Incest Taboo
-Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives
Exogamy
-Marriage to someone outside the kinship group
Endogamy
-Marriage to someone within the kinship group
Kindred Exogamy
-Avoiding either by force of law or by the power of tradition, marriage with certain relatives
Bridewealth
-The gift of goods or money from the groom’s family to the bride’s family as part of the marriage process
Dowry
-The gift of goods or money from the bride’s family to the groom’s family as part of the marriage process
“Cousin”
-In Southall, cousin derives from the blurring of lines of kinship and friendship
~Kinship carries a sense of obligation and loyalty
~Frindship affords the power of choice and preference
-Using the term provides an opening to build connections, alliances, and deep relations among people of often extremely different backgrounds
Fictive Kin
-An individual who is not related by birth, adoption, or marriage to a child, but who has an emotionally significant relationship with the child
Family of Orientation
-The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills
Family of Procreation
-The family group created when one reproduces and within which one rears children
Why Study Kinship
-Relationships based on kinship are the core of a culture’s social orgizitaions
-Societies vary in their kinship system
-The kinds and size of groups formed using kinship principles, the norms attached to kin roles, and the way people categorize their relatives are diverse
Importance of Kinship in Human Societies
-Political Succession
-Inheritance
-Choice of male
-Economic Ramifications
Terms
-Kinship
~System of meaning and power created to determine who is related to whom and associated expectations and responsibilities
-Nuclear Family
~Core
*Mother/ Father/ Children
-Descent group
-Lineage
~Trace to founding ancestor
~Many generations in the past
-Clan
~Often claims founding ancestor
~Often lacking in genealogical records
~United by actual or perceived kinship
~Unable to trace how they are kin, but believe themselves to be kinfolk
-Marriage
~A secondary way humans form kinship
~Socially recognized relationships
~Can be used to unite groups
-Arranged Marriage
~Where?
*Asia, Pacific, Middle East, Africa
~US?
*Religious groups
*Upper-class elite
-Monogamy
-Polygyny
-Polyandry
-Incest taboo
Forms of Descent
-Unilineal
-Patrilineal
-Matrilineal
-Bilateral (Ambilineal)
Kinship Naming Systems
-Hawaiian
-Sudanese
-Eskimo
Hydro-social Process
-Promotes a critical analysis of water-society relationships
-The circulation of water intersects with human systems of power
Egalitarian Society
-A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence
Reciprocity
-The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties
Ranked Society
-A group in which wealth is not stratified but presige and status are
Redistribution
-A form of exchanged in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern
Potlatch
-Elabotare redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kawakiuti of the Pacific Northwest
Bourgeoisie
-Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production
Means of Production
-The factories machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things
Capital
-Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth
Proletariat
-Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor
Prestige
-The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of the membership in certain groups
Life change
-An individual’s opportunities to improve quality of life and realize the goals
Social Mobility
-The moment of one’s class position, upward, or downward, in stratified socitites
Meritocracy
-Students are deemed successful on the basis of their individual talent and motivation
Social Reproduction
-The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next
Culture Capital
-The knowledge, habit, and taste learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society
Intersectionality
-An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life change and societal [atterns of stratification
Income
-What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties
Dividends
-A payment by a corporation to its shareholders of a portion of corporate profits
Interest
A fee is paid for the use of borrowed money
Rent
-Refers to payment to an owner as compensation for the rise of land, a building, an apartment, property, or equipment
Royalties
-Income based on a percentage of the revenue from the sale of a patent, book, or theatrical work paid to the inventor or author
Wealth
-The total value of what someone owns, minus any debts
Fijos
-Sell their wares from narrow stalls in the market’s central pavilion
Ambilantes
-Rove the surrounding, traffic-clogged streets and packed sidewalks, alleyways, and passageways hawking food, drinks, watches, radios, DVDs, men’s briefs, hardware, soap, cosmetics, bananas, rice
Caste (Varnas)
-A system of stratification most prominently found in South Asia in which status is determined by birth
Brahmins
-Scholars and spiritual leaders
Ksyatriyas
-Soldiers and rulers
Vaisyas
-Agricultural workers and merchants
Shudras
-Worked as laborers and artisans
Dalits (untouchables)
-Member of India’s “lowest” caste; literally, “broken people”
Jatis
-Created around birth groups drawn from many sources, including ethnic origins and occupations
Ascribed Status
-A status assigned, usually at birth
Achieved Status
-A status acquired during one’s lifetime
Apartheid
-A race-based system segregated people into four groups: blacks, Indians (of Asian descent), colored (mixed heritage), and whites
Bantustans
-A territory that the Nation of Party administration of South Africa set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa as known as the people’s homeland
Economy
-A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisty their need and to thrive
Food Foragers
-Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat
-Today
~Fewer than 250,00 groups
Pastoralism
-A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals
Transhumance
-Moving livestock seasonally between high- and low-altitude grazing areas
Horticulture
-The cultivation of plants for subsistance through nonintensive use of land and labor
Slash and Burn Agriculture
-Also know as “swidden farming”
-To clear land for cultivation, kill insects that may inhabit crop growth, and produce nutrient-rich ash that serves as fertilization
Agriculture
-An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus
Peasants
-Small-scale rural farmers whose agricultural surpluse are transferred upward to support the dominant elites and others who do not farm but whose goods and services are considered essential
Industral Agriculture
-Intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production of foodstuffs
Carrying Capacity
-The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region
Barter
-The direct exchange of goods and services, one for the other, without currency or money
Reciprocity
-The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties
Generalized Reciprocity
-Encompasses exchange in which the value of that is exchanve is not carefully calculated and the timing or amount of repayment is not predetermined
Balanced Reciprocity
-Occus between people who are more distantly related
~Includes norms about giving, accepting, and reciprocation
Negative Reciprocity
-Refers to a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to recieve more than they give, reaping a material advantage through the exchange
Redistribution
-A form of exchange in which accumulatied wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocared in different patterns
Leveling Mechanisms
-Practices and organizations that reallocare resources among a group to maximaize the collective good
Economic Anthropology
-The study o fhuman economic activity adn relations
Colonialism
-The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyod their own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw material, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions
Triangle Trade
-The extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic
Industrial Revolution
-The eighteenth- and nineteenth-century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machine-based manufacturing
Modernization Theories
-Post-World War II economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countires would follow the same trajectory towards modernization as the industrial countries
Development
-Post-World War II strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investments in national economies of former colonies
Dependency Theory
-A critique of modernization theory arguing that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed
Neocolinoslism
-A continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial politial and military control
Underdevelopment
-The term used to suggest that poor countires are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system
Core Countries
-Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system
Periphery Countries
-The least-developed and least-powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets
Semiperiphery Countries
-Nations ranking in between core and periphy countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy
Fordism
-The dominant modle of insustrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations,a dn governments
Felible Accumulation
-The increaseingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enable by innovative communication and transportation technologies
Offshoring
-Relocating factories anywhere in the world that provides optimal production, infrasturcture, labor, amrketing, and political conditions
Outsourcing
-Hiring low-wage laborers in periphery countires to preform jobs previously done in core countiries
Global Cities
-Formor industrial centers that have reinvented themselves as command centers for global production
Noeliberalism
-An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government
Commodity Chain
-The hands an item passes through between producer adn consumer
“Friction”
-The messy and often unequal encounters ar the thersection of the local and the global, including the role of teansnational corporations, international development agnecies, local and narional governments, and global trade regulations
Adaptive Strategies
-Food Foraging
-Pastoralism
-Horticulture
-Agriculture
-Industrialism
European Expansion
-Began in 1492 from Columbus
-Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch invaded in the Americas
-Trade networks allowed to exchange of technology, food, animals, and
Triangle Trade
-Europe, Africa, and the Americas
~Sugar, Fish, rum, tobacco, etc.
*
Environmental Anthropology
-The study of the relationship between humans and the environment
Anthropocene
-The current historical era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways
Gladesman
-Poor rural whites and their largely forgotten way of life in the Flordia backcountry between the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries
Multispecies Ethnography
-Ethnographic research designed to consider the interactions of all species living on the planet and see the world from a more than human perspective
Gentrification
-Urban renewal, often supported by government policies and incentives, effectively replacing low-income residents, often people of color, with wealthier newcomers
Built Environments
-The intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation, public service infrastructure, and public spaces
Redlining
-In the 1930s, mortgage brokers created and enforced segregation and disinvestment in hundreds of cities across the United States
Ecotourism
-Tours of remote natural environments designed to support local communities and their conservation efforts
Carbon Sequestration
-The natural process of extracting excess atmospheric carbon through plants and soils
Settler Colonialism
-Displacement and pacification of indigenous people and expropriation of their lands and resources
Critical Infrastructure
-Essential to their country’s national (economic) security
“Ecological Overshoot”
-Occurs when human demand on nature exceed the planet’s ability to provide
Pushes and Pulls
-The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country
Pushed
- Migrate from their home community by poverty, famine, natural disasters, climate change, war, ethnic conflict, genocide, disease, or political or religious oppression
“Refugees”
-People who are forced to migrate
Pulled
-Certain places by job opportunities, higher wages, educational opportunities for themselves and their children, access to health care, or investment opportunities
Bridge and Barries
-The factors that enable or inhibit migration
Chain Migration
-The movement of people facilitated by the support of networks of family and friends who have already immigrated
Hometown Associations
-Organizations created for mutual support by immigrants from the same hometown or region
Remittances
-Resources transferred from migrants working abroad to individuals, families, and institutions in their country of origin
Cumulative Causation
-An accumulation of factors that create a culture in which migration comes to be expected
Labor Immigrants
-Persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill
Guest Worker Program
-A policy that allows labor immigrants to enter a country temporarily to work buy denies them long-term rights and privilages
Professional Immigrants
-Highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country
Brain Drain
-Migration of highly skilled professionals from developing/periphery countries to developed/core countries
Social Capital
-Assets and skills such as language, education, and social networks that can be mobilized in lieu of or as complementary to financial capital
“Cosmonauts”
-Also known as Professional immigrants because of their constant, jet-set movement through Earth’s atmosphere, constitute a small fraction of the global migration flow
Entrepreneurial Immigrants
-Persons who move to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business
Refugees
-Persons who have been forced to move beyond their national borders because of political or religious persecution, armed conflict, or disasters
Internally Displace Persons
-Persons who have been forced to move within their country of origin because of persecution, armed conflict, or disasters
Gendered Process
-Challenging scholars in all fields to see migration; one that affects both men and women, but often in distinctly different ways
1.5 Generation
-Refers to children born in the home country who then migrate with their parents and grow up in the new host country
Internal Migration
-The movement of people within their own national borders
Transnationalism
-The practice of maintaining active participation in social, economic, religious, and political spheres across national borders
~People are known as “Transnational immigrants”
Return Migration
-Refers to immigrants who, having settled in a new receiving country, reverse course and return “home,” sometimes in the same generation and sometimes in later generations
Nikkeijin
-A person of Japanese decent who lives in Latin America returning to Japan, pushed by an economic downturn and pulled by a severe labor shortage in Japan
Environmental Issues
-Climate Change
~Heat
~Sea Level Rise
-Mining Operations
-Desertification
-Pollution
-Polar Regions
-Tropical Regions
~Nuclear Impact
~Landscape modification
High Island and Low Island
-High Island
~Volcanic
~Fertile
~Larger Populations
-Low Island
~Coral
~Sandy, Limited Water
*Agriculture difficult
~Smaller populations
Ownership of Land and Sea
-Territorial water
~12 miles offshore
-Contiguous Zone
~12 miles past the territorial waters
-Exclusive Economic Zone
~200 miles offshore
-All states must grant “Innocent passage” to ship not threatening the security of that state
Climate Change in Oceania
-Atmosphere 2.3%
-Continents 2.1%
-Glaciers/caps 0.9%
-Arctic sea ice 0.8%
-Greenland Ice Sheet 0.2%
-Antarctic Sea Sheet 0.2%
Greta Thunberg
-Protesting in 2018 as a 15yo student
-Activism
-New Generation of awareness
Environmental Anthropology
-The study of how humans interact with the natural world around them
~Many studies attributed the environment as something to adapt to, not how humans actively interact with the natural world
Anthropocene
-A distinct era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways
Detachemtn and destruction on land and the impact
-Tahiti
~Nuclear testing
~Removal from traditional lands
-Banaba
~Remmoval from traditional lands
~Explo
Multispecies Entnography
-To view the wordl from more than a human perspective
-Understanding the relationship with other species
-non-human species and natural environment to be considered
Natural Disasters
-Difference between who lives and who dies is often rooted in social inequality
-Hurricane Katrina
Conservation and Globalization
-Beginning in the 1970s
~Environmental and cultural
-Conflicts
~Peasant and migrant workers (pesticides)
~Standign rock Sioux rez (exploration of resources
-Advocates
~Indigenous people across
Emigration
-Leaving
Immigration
-Coming to
Net Migration
-Difference between emigration and immigration
Chain Migration
-To a specific location because of commonalities
Power
-Often described as the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence
Political Anthropology
-Highly detailed studies of local political systems rarely placed yhr communities in a larger context, despite being conducted at the time when colonialist powers had imposed nonindigenous governing structures in much of the world
Band
-A small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory
Egalitarian Ethos
-Promoted generosity, altruism, and sharing while resisting upstarts, aggression, and egoism
“Tribe”
-Usually a reference to a loosely organized group of people acting together, outside the authority of the state, under unelected leaders and big men/strong men and drawing on a sense of unity based on a notion of shared ethnicity
Tribe
-Originally formulated
-Referred to a culturally distinct population, often combining several bands, that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor and organized around villages, kin groups, clans, and lineages
Tribe
-Today
-Used in the self-naming and identity-building strategies of Native Americans as they resist the dominance of the settler colonial state
Tribe
-Originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multiband population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state
Chiefdom
-An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount cheif
Tautki
-Little Service
~Warriors and martial skills of the Micronesian culture
Taulap
-Great Service
~Generosity of spirit, duty to one’s kin, and the ability to produce food and other goods in quantities that enable gift-giving and feasting
Evolutionary Framework
-Assuming a steady progression from simple to complex and primitive to civilized
State
-An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory
“Vertical Encompassment”
-A routine and repetitive acts, the state comes to fell all-encompassing and overarching
Hegemony
-The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force
Nationalism
-A sense of shared history, culture, language, destiny, and purpose, often through invented traditions of holidays, parades, national sings, public ceremonies, and historical reenactments
State Sovereignty
-The right of the state to maintain self-determination within its borders
Civil Society Organization
-A local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities
Militarization
-The contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence
“Terror Warfare”
-Perpetrated by rebel guerrillas and Mozambican government soldiers, that targeted the country’s civilian population through military attacks, hunger, and displacement
Agency
-Thee potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power
Social Movement
-Collective group actions that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies
Framing Process
-The creation of share meaning and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements
Fatwa
-A response to a question about how to live ethically and rightly
Elements of Religious Beliefs
-Belief in powers or deities whose abilities transcend those of the natural world and cannot be measured by scientific tools
-Myths and stories that reflect on the meaning and purpose of life, its origins, and humans’ place in the universe
-Ritual activities that reinforce, recall, instill, and explore collective beliefs
-Powerful symbols, often used in religious rituals, that represent key aspects of the religion for its followers
-Specialists who assist the average believer to bridge everyday life experiences and the religion’s ideals and supernatural aspects
-Organizations and institutions that preserve, explore, teach, and implement the religion’s key beliefs
-A community of believers
Religion
-A set of beliefs and rituals based on a vision of how the world ought to be and how life ought to be lived, often focused on a supernatural power and lived out in community
Five Pillars of Islam
-Making a declaration of faith
-Saying prayers five times a day
-Performing acts of charity
-Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
-Undertaking a pilgrimage to Mecca
Martyr
-A person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion
Saint
-An individual considered exceptionally close to God and who is then exalted after death
Loban
-Rocklike chunks of incense sold at the shrine and thrown onto red-hot coals eight times a day
Sacred
-Anything considered holy
Profane
-Anything that is considered unholy
Ritual
-An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging
Durkheim’s Def. of Religion
-A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden-beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a church, all those who adhere to them”
Anomie
-A alienation that individuals experience when faced with physical dislocation and the disruption of social networks and group values
Performed
-In a public display, rites and rituals-not so much thought about as danced and sung
Rite of Passages
-A category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or for a group
Chisungu
-A coming-of-age ceremony for young teenage women after first menstruation and in preparation for marriage
Separation
-Individual experiences physically, psychologically, or symbolically from the normal, day-to-day activities of the group
Liminality
-One stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, and current community
Reaggregation/Reincorporation
-Returns the individual to everyday life and reintegrates him or her into the ritual community, transformed by the experience of liminality and endowed with a deeper sense of meaning, purpose, and connection to the larger group
Communitas
-A sense of camaraderie, a common vision of what commitment to take social action to move toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites pf passage
Pilgrimage
-A religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment
Cultural Materialism
-A theory that argues material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, such as religious principles
Adimsa
-The practice of nonviolence and respect for the unity of all life that is key to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism
Gradual Rationalization in Religion
-Traditional religion based on magic and led by shamans
-Charismatic religion based on the persuasive power of prophets such as Buddha, Jesus, and Moses
-Finally, rational religion based on legal codes of conduct, bureaucratic structures, and formally trained religious leaders
Secular
-Without religious or spiritual basis
Shamans
-Part-time religious practitioners with abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings to provide special knowledge and power for healing, guidance, and wisdom
Shaman’s Role
-Intervene with their deities on behalf of adherents
-Assist adherents in practices of prayer and meditation through which they seek healing or guidance
Magic
-The use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil
Imitative magic
-A ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitating the desire magical result
Contagious Magic
-Ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person
Symbol
-Anything that represents something else
Authorizing Process
-The complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning
“Religious Health Assets”
-Play tangible and intangible roles in the public health enterprise, mobilizing the symbolic and material power of Christian communities to promote concrete interventions in the health of rural Swazis
Medical Anthropology
-Intensive fieldwork, extensive participant observation in local communities, and deep immersion in the daily lives of people and their local problems and experiences have proven profoundly effective in solving pressing public health problems
Medical Ecology
-The interaction of diseases with the natural environment and human culture
Critical Medical Anthropology
-Explores the impact of inequality on human health in two important ways
~In considers how economic and political systems, race, class, gender, and sexuality create and perpetuate unequal access to health care
~It examines how health systems themselves are systems of power that promote disparities in health by defining who is sick, who gets treated, and how the treatment is provided
Medical Anthropology’s Holistic Approach to Health and Illness
-Examining epidemiology, meaning and power assumes that health and illness are more than a result of germs, individual behavior, and genes
Health
-The absence of disease and infirmity as well as the presence of physical, mental, and social well-being
Functionally Healthy
-Not perfectly healthy, but healthy enough to do what you need to do
~Get up in the morning
~Go to school/work
~Reproduce the species
Disease
-A discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by a health professional
Illness
-The individual patient’s experience of being unwell
Sickness
-An individual’s public expression of illness and disease, including social expectations about how one should behave and how others will respond
Ethnomedicine
-Local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values
Ethnopharmacology
-The documentation and description of the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices
Amchis
-Traditional healers whose healing practices are deeply rooted in Tibetan Buddhism
Amchi Medicaine
-Based on achieving bodily and spiritual balance between the individual and the surrounding universe
Amchi Medicine
-Based on achieving bodily and spiritual balance between the individual and the surrounding universe
Amchi Medicine
-Based on achieving bodily and spiritual balance between the individual and the surrounding universe
Biomedicine
-A practice, often associated with Western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting healing
Schulmedizin
-School medicine which focuses on typical biomedical treatments
Naturheilkunde
-Nature cure which draws on natural remidies
Individual’s qi
-“Breath of air”
-Referring to an energy found in all living things-must be balanced and flowing in equilibrium with the rest of the universe for a person to be healthy
Medical Pluralism
-The intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing
Illness Narratives
-The personal stories that people tell to explain their illnesses
Human Microbiome
-The complete collection of microorganism in the human body’s ecosystem
Disability
-The embodied experiences of people with impairments as shaped by broader forms of social inequality
~Sensory impairment to hearing and sight
~Limited mobility
~Epilepsy
~Autism
~Psychiatric Illnesses
~Chronic Pain
~Dementia related to aging
-Sudden illnesses
~Heart attacked
~Accidents
~Warfare
Kuru
-“Trembel” or “Fear”
-For the uncontrollable tremors that its victims’ experience is an acute degenerative disease of the central nervous system
Health Transition
The significant improvements in human health made over the twentieth century; they were not, however, distributed evenly across the world’s populations
Critical Medical Anthropology
-An approach to the study of health and illness that analyzes the impact of inequality and stratification within systems of power in individual and group health outcomes
Medical Migration
-The movement of diseases, medical treatments, and entire healthcare systems, as well as those seeking medical care, across national borders
Health
-The absence of disease and infirmity, as well the presence of physically, mental, and social well being
Illness
-Patient’s experience of sickness, culturally defined understanfing of disease
Disease
-Discrete natural entity clinically measured
Gray Area
-Disease
~Measured and treated, caused genetically or through infection
-Illness
~Biological disease, the patient feels, thinks, and experiences
-Culture
~Gives disease and cultural remedies before “Western Medicine”
Medical Pluralism
-Intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing
~Often occurs as a conflict between Western and cultural traditions
Medical Migration and Power
-Power of Healthcare
~human health by how economic, political systems, race, class, gender, etc.
-Systems of power that generate disparities in health by defining who is sick(est), who gets treated, and how
-Medical Migration
~Movement of disease, medical treatment, and entire healthcare systems, as well as those seeking medical care across national borders
Health Transition
-Dramatic Improvement in health
~Life expectancy
~Decline in disease
-Global Life Expectancy
~73.4 years (globally)
What is art?
-The ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creativity and inspiration to others
-Forms
~Music/Songs
~Stories/Games
~Paintings
~Plays/Dance
~Sculpture
~Architecture
~Clothing
~Food
Anthropology of Art
-Art is both created and received
~Art takes shape in both creation and perception
-Issues with flawed assumptions that Western traditions have posed as to what is or is not art
~Pop v. Fine Art
~Universal art aesthetic
~Assumption of qualitative differences between Western art and “primitive” art
Fine Art v. Pop Art
-Art is integral to all of human life-not exclusive, but inclusive
~Western traditions have developed about how to evaluate what is and what is NOT art
-Fine Art
~The province of the elite (museums, operas, ballet, etc.)
-Popular Art
~Less refined and less sophisticated- associated with the ‘general population’
Anth Perspective
-Not the sole province of elite or professional artists
-Art is integral to all of human life
-Can be expressed through
~Elaborate performances in specialized venues as well as route in activities in mundane settings
~Any members of a group can create, and experience are
-Significance of art cannot be underestimated
-How it connects to norms and values, economic and political systems and events
-Above all, else-seeks to understand the development and meaning of local are forms
Universal Gaze
-An intrinsic way of perceiving art
-Western 18th century with European philosophers (Kant/Hegel)
~Suggest that nature creates universal aesthetics
-20th-century interpretations
~Let the art speak for itself
-Not all cultures have the same definitions of beauty, imagination, skill and style
What is Beauty?
-A quality present in a thing that gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction to the mind
-The difference between ‘art’ and ‘beauty’ is that art is about who has produced it, whereas beauty is based on who’s looking
Perceiving Art
-Can vary from place to place and within a culture
-May bring pleasure/joy, but may also shock, terrify, horrify, or anger its audience
-Embedded in the process of enculturation that shapes the observer’s perceptions, expectations, and experience when evaluating art
Oldest Art in the World
-Stone/bone tools
-Lascaux and Altamira Caves
~Paleolithic cave paintings
*Highly developed artistic skills
Authenticity
-Key junction in which local communities manage the global economy
-The perception of an object’s antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture
~Tourist market
-The creation of value on the perception of objects as authentic or genuine
Art and Power
-Intersects with key systems of power such as race, ethnicity, class, gender, etc.
-Makes the unconscious conscious
-Opens space for alternative visions of reality
Ethnomusicology
-The study of music and culture
~Study of music in its social and cultural contexts
-Examine music as a social process in order to understand what music is and what it means to the musicians and audiences
Global Mediascape and Cultural Identity
-Social media distributing art across multiple populations
~Communities across boundaries of culture, language, geography, economics, and politics
-Visual Anthropology explores the production, circulation, and consumption of visual images
~Focusing on the power of visual representations in art, performance, museums, and the mass media to influence culture and cultural identity
Photographic Gaze
-National Geographic
~Collects world between its covers
*Presumed neutral viewpoint
*Practice is ‘geared to a classic form of humanism,… focusing on clothing and portrayal of difference’
Projects a magical sense of unity
**Overlooks key aspects of human history including inequality, hunger, poverty
**Fear these topics would be offputting and disrupt readers’ views of the world
Indigenous Media
-Previously produced ethnographic films ‘interpreted’
-Films strive to show local communities in the context
-More and more giving ‘voice’ to the local communities through “indigenous media”
Art
-All ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creative and inspiration to others
Fine Art
-Creative expression and communication often associated with cultural eliets
Popular Art
-Creative expression and communication often associated with the general population
Universal Gaze
-An intrinsic way of perceiving art- through many in the Western art world to be found across cultures-that informs what people consider to be art or not art
Authenticity
-The perception of an object’s antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture
Ethnomusicology
-The study of music in cultural context
Ethnomusicology
-The study of music in a cultural context
Kinetic Orality
A musical genre combining body movement and voice
Global Miediascape
Global cultural flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries in ways unimaginable a century ago
Media Worlds
-An ethnographic and theoretical approach to media studies that focuses on the tensions that may exist when visual worlds collide in the context of contemporary globalization
Social Media
-News forms of communication founded on computer-and internet-based technologies that facilitate socail engagment, work, and pleasure
Visual Anthropology
-A field of anthropology that explores the production, circulation, and consumption of visual images, focusing on the power of visual representation to influence culture and cultural identity
Photographic Gaze
-The presumed neutural viewpoint of the camera that in fact projects the perspective of the person behind the camera onto human nature, the natural world, and history
Indigenous Media
-The use of media by people who have experienced massive economic, political, and geographic disruption to build alturnative strategies for communication, survuval, and empowerment
