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ANTH 101 (Cultural) > Information for the Final > Flashcards

Information for the Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Kinship

A

-The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities

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2
Q

Nuclear Family

A

-The kinship of mother, father, and children

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3
Q

Descent Group

A

-A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through certain consanguineous (“blood”) relatives

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4
Q

Lineage

A

-A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor

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5
Q

Clan

A

-A type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lack genealogical documentation

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6
Q

Matrilineal

A

-Constructing the group through female ancestors

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7
Q

Patrilineal

A

-Tracing kinship through male ancestors

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8
Q

Unilineal

A

-Reflection of both matrilineal and patrilineal because they build kinship groups through either one line or the other

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9
Q

Ambilinea (Also known as Cognatic or bilateral)

A

-Trace kinship through both the mother and father

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10
Q

Patrilineal Descent Group

A

-A kinship group in which membership passes to the next generation from father to son

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11
Q

Exogamous

A

-Meaning that marriages within the group were not permitted

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12
Q

Cultural Revolution

A

-A modernization campaign promoted by the Chinese government to throw out the old and bring in the new
~Refering to the family and temple ancestral records in the late 1960s

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13
Q

Affinal Relationship

A

-A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent

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14
Q

Marriages

A

-A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance

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15
Q

Arranged Marriage

A

-Marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties

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16
Q

Companionate Marriage

A

-Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation

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17
Q

Polygyny

A

-Marriage between one man and two or more women

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18
Q

Polyandry

A

-Marriage between one woman and two or more men

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19
Q

Monogamy

A

-A relationship between only two partners

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20
Q

Serial Monogamy

A

-Which monogamous marriages follow one after the other

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21
Q

Incest Taboo

A

-Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives

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22
Q

Exogamy

A

-Marriage to someone outside the kinship group

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23
Q

Endogamy

A

-Marriage to someone within the kinship group

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24
Q

Kindred Exogamy

A

-Avoiding either by force of law or by the power of tradition, marriage with certain relatives

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25
Q

Bridewealth

A

-The gift of goods or money from the groom’s family to the bride’s family as part of the marriage process

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26
Q

Dowry

A

-The gift of goods or money from the bride’s family to the groom’s family as part of the marriage process

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27
Q

“Cousin”

A

-In Southall, cousin derives from the blurring of lines of kinship and friendship
~Kinship carries a sense of obligation and loyalty
~Frindship affords the power of choice and preference
-Using the term provides an opening to build connections, alliances, and deep relations among people of often extremely different backgrounds

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28
Q

Fictive Kin

A

-An individual who is not related by birth, adoption, or marriage to a child, but who has an emotionally significant relationship with the child

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29
Q

Family of Orientation

A

-The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills

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30
Q

Family of Procreation

A

-The family group created when one reproduces and within which one rears children

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31
Q

Why Study Kinship

A

-Relationships based on kinship are the core of a culture’s social orgizitaions
-Societies vary in their kinship system
-The kinds and size of groups formed using kinship principles, the norms attached to kin roles, and the way people categorize their relatives are diverse

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32
Q

Importance of Kinship in Human Societies

A

-Political Succession
-Inheritance
-Choice of male
-Economic Ramifications

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33
Q

Terms

A

-Kinship
~System of meaning and power created to determine who is related to whom and associated expectations and responsibilities
-Nuclear Family
~Core
*Mother/ Father/ Children
-Descent group
-Lineage
~Trace to founding ancestor
~Many generations in the past
-Clan
~Often claims founding ancestor
~Often lacking in genealogical records
~United by actual or perceived kinship
~Unable to trace how they are kin, but believe themselves to be kinfolk
-Marriage
~A secondary way humans form kinship
~Socially recognized relationships
~Can be used to unite groups
-Arranged Marriage
~Where?
*Asia, Pacific, Middle East, Africa
~US?
*Religious groups
*Upper-class elite
-Monogamy
-Polygyny
-Polyandry
-Incest taboo

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34
Q

Forms of Descent

A

-Unilineal
-Patrilineal
-Matrilineal
-Bilateral (Ambilineal)

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35
Q

Kinship Naming Systems

A

-Hawaiian
-Sudanese
-Eskimo

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36
Q

Hydro-social Process

A

-Promotes a critical analysis of water-society relationships
-The circulation of water intersects with human systems of power

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37
Q

Egalitarian Society

A

-A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence

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38
Q

Reciprocity

A

-The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

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39
Q

Ranked Society

A

-A group in which wealth is not stratified but presige and status are

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40
Q

Redistribution

A

-A form of exchanged in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

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41
Q

Potlatch

A

-Elabotare redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kawakiuti of the Pacific Northwest

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42
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

-Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production

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43
Q

Means of Production

A

-The factories machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things

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44
Q

Capital

A

-Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth

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45
Q

Proletariat

A

-Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor

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46
Q

Prestige

A

-The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of the membership in certain groups

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47
Q

Life change

A

-An individual’s opportunities to improve quality of life and realize the goals

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48
Q

Social Mobility

A

-The moment of one’s class position, upward, or downward, in stratified socitites

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49
Q

Meritocracy

A

-Students are deemed successful on the basis of their individual talent and motivation

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50
Q

Social Reproduction

A

-The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next

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51
Q

Culture Capital

A

-The knowledge, habit, and taste learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society

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52
Q

Intersectionality

A

-An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life change and societal [atterns of stratification

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53
Q

Income

A

-What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties

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54
Q

Dividends

A

-A payment by a corporation to its shareholders of a portion of corporate profits

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55
Q

Interest

A

A fee is paid for the use of borrowed money

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56
Q

Rent

A

-Refers to payment to an owner as compensation for the rise of land, a building, an apartment, property, or equipment

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57
Q

Royalties

A

-Income based on a percentage of the revenue from the sale of a patent, book, or theatrical work paid to the inventor or author

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58
Q

Wealth

A

-The total value of what someone owns, minus any debts

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59
Q

Fijos

A

-Sell their wares from narrow stalls in the market’s central pavilion

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60
Q

Ambilantes

A

-Rove the surrounding, traffic-clogged streets and packed sidewalks, alleyways, and passageways hawking food, drinks, watches, radios, DVDs, men’s briefs, hardware, soap, cosmetics, bananas, rice

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61
Q

Caste (Varnas)

A

-A system of stratification most prominently found in South Asia in which status is determined by birth

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62
Q

Brahmins

A

-Scholars and spiritual leaders

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63
Q

Ksyatriyas

A

-Soldiers and rulers

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64
Q

Vaisyas

A

-Agricultural workers and merchants

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65
Q

Shudras

A

-Worked as laborers and artisans

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66
Q

Dalits (untouchables)

A

-Member of India’s “lowest” caste; literally, “broken people”

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67
Q

Jatis

A

-Created around birth groups drawn from many sources, including ethnic origins and occupations

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68
Q

Ascribed Status

A

-A status assigned, usually at birth

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69
Q

Achieved Status

A

-A status acquired during one’s lifetime

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70
Q

Apartheid

A

-A race-based system segregated people into four groups: blacks, Indians (of Asian descent), colored (mixed heritage), and whites

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71
Q

Bantustans

A

-A territory that the Nation of Party administration of South Africa set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa as known as the people’s homeland

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72
Q

Economy

A

-A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisty their need and to thrive

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73
Q

Food Foragers

A

-Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat
-Today
~Fewer than 250,00 groups

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74
Q

Pastoralism

A

-A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals

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75
Q

Transhumance

A

-Moving livestock seasonally between high- and low-altitude grazing areas

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76
Q

Horticulture

A

-The cultivation of plants for subsistance through nonintensive use of land and labor

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77
Q

Slash and Burn Agriculture

A

-Also know as “swidden farming”
-To clear land for cultivation, kill insects that may inhabit crop growth, and produce nutrient-rich ash that serves as fertilization

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78
Q

Agriculture

A

-An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus

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79
Q

Peasants

A

-Small-scale rural farmers whose agricultural surpluse are transferred upward to support the dominant elites and others who do not farm but whose goods and services are considered essential

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80
Q

Industral Agriculture

A

-Intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production of foodstuffs

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81
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

-The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region

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82
Q

Barter

A

-The direct exchange of goods and services, one for the other, without currency or money

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83
Q

Reciprocity

A

-The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

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84
Q

Generalized Reciprocity

A

-Encompasses exchange in which the value of that is exchanve is not carefully calculated and the timing or amount of repayment is not predetermined

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85
Q

Balanced Reciprocity

A

-Occus between people who are more distantly related
~Includes norms about giving, accepting, and reciprocation

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86
Q

Negative Reciprocity

A

-Refers to a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to recieve more than they give, reaping a material advantage through the exchange

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87
Q

Redistribution

A

-A form of exchange in which accumulatied wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocared in different patterns

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88
Q

Leveling Mechanisms

A

-Practices and organizations that reallocare resources among a group to maximaize the collective good

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89
Q

Economic Anthropology

A

-The study o fhuman economic activity adn relations

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90
Q

Colonialism

A

-The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyod their own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw material, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

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91
Q

Triangle Trade

A

-The extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic

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92
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

-The eighteenth- and nineteenth-century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machine-based manufacturing

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93
Q

Modernization Theories

A

-Post-World War II economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countires would follow the same trajectory towards modernization as the industrial countries

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94
Q

Development

A

-Post-World War II strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investments in national economies of former colonies

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95
Q

Dependency Theory

A

-A critique of modernization theory arguing that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed

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96
Q

Neocolinoslism

A

-A continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial politial and military control

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97
Q

Underdevelopment

A

-The term used to suggest that poor countires are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system

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98
Q

Core Countries

A

-Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system

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99
Q

Periphery Countries

A

-The least-developed and least-powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

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100
Q

Semiperiphery Countries

A

-Nations ranking in between core and periphy countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy

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101
Q

Fordism

A

-The dominant modle of insustrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations,a dn governments

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102
Q

Felible Accumulation

A

-The increaseingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enable by innovative communication and transportation technologies

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103
Q

Offshoring

A

-Relocating factories anywhere in the world that provides optimal production, infrasturcture, labor, amrketing, and political conditions

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104
Q

Outsourcing

A

-Hiring low-wage laborers in periphery countires to preform jobs previously done in core countiries

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105
Q

Global Cities

A

-Formor industrial centers that have reinvented themselves as command centers for global production

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106
Q

Noeliberalism

A

-An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government

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107
Q

Commodity Chain

A

-The hands an item passes through between producer adn consumer

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108
Q

“Friction”

A

-The messy and often unequal encounters ar the thersection of the local and the global, including the role of teansnational corporations, international development agnecies, local and narional governments, and global trade regulations

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109
Q

Adaptive Strategies

A

-Food Foraging
-Pastoralism
-Horticulture
-Agriculture
-Industrialism

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110
Q

European Expansion

A

-Began in 1492 from Columbus
-Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch invaded in the Americas
-Trade networks allowed to exchange of technology, food, animals, and

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111
Q

Triangle Trade

A

-Europe, Africa, and the Americas
~Sugar, Fish, rum, tobacco, etc.
*

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112
Q

Environmental Anthropology

A

-The study of the relationship between humans and the environment

113
Q

Anthropocene

A

-The current historical era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways

114
Q

Gladesman

A

-Poor rural whites and their largely forgotten way of life in the Flordia backcountry between the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries

115
Q

Multispecies Ethnography

A

-Ethnographic research designed to consider the interactions of all species living on the planet and see the world from a more than human perspective

116
Q

Gentrification

A

-Urban renewal, often supported by government policies and incentives, effectively replacing low-income residents, often people of color, with wealthier newcomers

117
Q

Built Environments

A

-The intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation, public service infrastructure, and public spaces

118
Q

Redlining

A

-In the 1930s, mortgage brokers created and enforced segregation and disinvestment in hundreds of cities across the United States

119
Q

Ecotourism

A

-Tours of remote natural environments designed to support local communities and their conservation efforts

120
Q

Carbon Sequestration

A

-The natural process of extracting excess atmospheric carbon through plants and soils

121
Q

Settler Colonialism

A

-Displacement and pacification of indigenous people and expropriation of their lands and resources

122
Q

Critical Infrastructure

A

-Essential to their country’s national (economic) security

123
Q

“Ecological Overshoot”

A

-Occurs when human demand on nature exceed the planet’s ability to provide

124
Q

Pushes and Pulls

A

-The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country

125
Q

Pushed

A
  • Migrate from their home community by poverty, famine, natural disasters, climate change, war, ethnic conflict, genocide, disease, or political or religious oppression
126
Q

“Refugees”

A

-People who are forced to migrate

127
Q

Pulled

A

-Certain places by job opportunities, higher wages, educational opportunities for themselves and their children, access to health care, or investment opportunities

128
Q

Bridge and Barries

A

-The factors that enable or inhibit migration

129
Q

Chain Migration

A

-The movement of people facilitated by the support of networks of family and friends who have already immigrated

130
Q

Hometown Associations

A

-Organizations created for mutual support by immigrants from the same hometown or region

131
Q

Remittances

A

-Resources transferred from migrants working abroad to individuals, families, and institutions in their country of origin

132
Q

Cumulative Causation

A

-An accumulation of factors that create a culture in which migration comes to be expected

133
Q

Labor Immigrants

A

-Persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill

134
Q

Guest Worker Program

A

-A policy that allows labor immigrants to enter a country temporarily to work buy denies them long-term rights and privilages

135
Q

Professional Immigrants

A

-Highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country

136
Q

Brain Drain

A

-Migration of highly skilled professionals from developing/periphery countries to developed/core countries

137
Q

Social Capital

A

-Assets and skills such as language, education, and social networks that can be mobilized in lieu of or as complementary to financial capital

138
Q

“Cosmonauts”

A

-Also known as Professional immigrants because of their constant, jet-set movement through Earth’s atmosphere, constitute a small fraction of the global migration flow

139
Q

Entrepreneurial Immigrants

A

-Persons who move to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business

140
Q

Refugees

A

-Persons who have been forced to move beyond their national borders because of political or religious persecution, armed conflict, or disasters

141
Q

Internally Displace Persons

A

-Persons who have been forced to move within their country of origin because of persecution, armed conflict, or disasters

142
Q

Gendered Process

A

-Challenging scholars in all fields to see migration; one that affects both men and women, but often in distinctly different ways

143
Q

1.5 Generation

A

-Refers to children born in the home country who then migrate with their parents and grow up in the new host country

144
Q

Internal Migration

A

-The movement of people within their own national borders

145
Q

Transnationalism

A

-The practice of maintaining active participation in social, economic, religious, and political spheres across national borders
~People are known as “Transnational immigrants”

146
Q

Return Migration

A

-Refers to immigrants who, having settled in a new receiving country, reverse course and return “home,” sometimes in the same generation and sometimes in later generations

147
Q

Nikkeijin

A

-A person of Japanese decent who lives in Latin America returning to Japan, pushed by an economic downturn and pulled by a severe labor shortage in Japan

148
Q

Environmental Issues

A

-Climate Change
~Heat
~Sea Level Rise
-Mining Operations
-Desertification
-Pollution
-Polar Regions
-Tropical Regions
~Nuclear Impact
~Landscape modification

149
Q

High Island and Low Island

A

-High Island
~Volcanic
~Fertile
~Larger Populations
-Low Island
~Coral
~Sandy, Limited Water
*Agriculture difficult
~Smaller populations

150
Q

Ownership of Land and Sea

A

-Territorial water
~12 miles offshore
-Contiguous Zone
~12 miles past the territorial waters
-Exclusive Economic Zone
~200 miles offshore
-All states must grant “Innocent passage” to ship not threatening the security of that state

151
Q

Climate Change in Oceania

A

-Atmosphere 2.3%
-Continents 2.1%
-Glaciers/caps 0.9%
-Arctic sea ice 0.8%
-Greenland Ice Sheet 0.2%
-Antarctic Sea Sheet 0.2%

152
Q

Greta Thunberg

A

-Protesting in 2018 as a 15yo student
-Activism
-New Generation of awareness

153
Q

Environmental Anthropology

A

-The study of how humans interact with the natural world around them
~Many studies attributed the environment as something to adapt to, not how humans actively interact with the natural world

154
Q

Anthropocene

A

-A distinct era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways

155
Q

Detachemtn and destruction on land and the impact

A

-Tahiti
~Nuclear testing
~Removal from traditional lands
-Banaba
~Remmoval from traditional lands
~Explo

156
Q

Multispecies Entnography

A

-To view the wordl from more than a human perspective
-Understanding the relationship with other species
-non-human species and natural environment to be considered

157
Q

Natural Disasters

A

-Difference between who lives and who dies is often rooted in social inequality
-Hurricane Katrina

158
Q

Conservation and Globalization

A

-Beginning in the 1970s
~Environmental and cultural
-Conflicts
~Peasant and migrant workers (pesticides)
~Standign rock Sioux rez (exploration of resources
-Advocates
~Indigenous people across

159
Q

Emigration

A

-Leaving

160
Q

Immigration

A

-Coming to

161
Q

Net Migration

A

-Difference between emigration and immigration

162
Q

Chain Migration

A

-To a specific location because of commonalities

163
Q

Power

A

-Often described as the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence

164
Q

Political Anthropology

A

-Highly detailed studies of local political systems rarely placed yhr communities in a larger context, despite being conducted at the time when colonialist powers had imposed nonindigenous governing structures in much of the world

165
Q

Band

A

-A small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory

166
Q

Egalitarian Ethos

A

-Promoted generosity, altruism, and sharing while resisting upstarts, aggression, and egoism

167
Q

“Tribe”

A

-Usually a reference to a loosely organized group of people acting together, outside the authority of the state, under unelected leaders and big men/strong men and drawing on a sense of unity based on a notion of shared ethnicity

168
Q

Tribe
-Originally formulated

A

-Referred to a culturally distinct population, often combining several bands, that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor and organized around villages, kin groups, clans, and lineages

169
Q

Tribe
-Today

A

-Used in the self-naming and identity-building strategies of Native Americans as they resist the dominance of the settler colonial state

170
Q

Tribe

A

-Originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multiband population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state

171
Q

Chiefdom

A

-An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount cheif

172
Q

Tautki

A

-Little Service
~Warriors and martial skills of the Micronesian culture

173
Q

Taulap

A

-Great Service
~Generosity of spirit, duty to one’s kin, and the ability to produce food and other goods in quantities that enable gift-giving and feasting

174
Q

Evolutionary Framework

A

-Assuming a steady progression from simple to complex and primitive to civilized

175
Q

State

A

-An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory

176
Q

“Vertical Encompassment”

A

-A routine and repetitive acts, the state comes to fell all-encompassing and overarching

177
Q

Hegemony

A

-The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force

178
Q

Nationalism

A

-A sense of shared history, culture, language, destiny, and purpose, often through invented traditions of holidays, parades, national sings, public ceremonies, and historical reenactments

179
Q

State Sovereignty

A

-The right of the state to maintain self-determination within its borders

180
Q

Civil Society Organization

A

-A local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities

181
Q

Militarization

A

-The contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence

182
Q

“Terror Warfare”

A

-Perpetrated by rebel guerrillas and Mozambican government soldiers, that targeted the country’s civilian population through military attacks, hunger, and displacement

183
Q

Agency

A

-Thee potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power

184
Q

Social Movement

A

-Collective group actions that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies

185
Q

Framing Process

A

-The creation of share meaning and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements

186
Q

Fatwa

A

-A response to a question about how to live ethically and rightly

187
Q

Elements of Religious Beliefs

A

-Belief in powers or deities whose abilities transcend those of the natural world and cannot be measured by scientific tools
-Myths and stories that reflect on the meaning and purpose of life, its origins, and humans’ place in the universe
-Ritual activities that reinforce, recall, instill, and explore collective beliefs
-Powerful symbols, often used in religious rituals, that represent key aspects of the religion for its followers
-Specialists who assist the average believer to bridge everyday life experiences and the religion’s ideals and supernatural aspects
-Organizations and institutions that preserve, explore, teach, and implement the religion’s key beliefs
-A community of believers

188
Q

Religion

A

-A set of beliefs and rituals based on a vision of how the world ought to be and how life ought to be lived, often focused on a supernatural power and lived out in community

189
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A

-Making a declaration of faith
-Saying prayers five times a day
-Performing acts of charity
-Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
-Undertaking a pilgrimage to Mecca

190
Q

Martyr

A

-A person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion

191
Q

Saint

A

-An individual considered exceptionally close to God and who is then exalted after death

192
Q

Loban

A

-Rocklike chunks of incense sold at the shrine and thrown onto red-hot coals eight times a day

193
Q

Sacred

A

-Anything considered holy

194
Q

Profane

A

-Anything that is considered unholy

195
Q

Ritual

A

-An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging

196
Q

Durkheim’s Def. of Religion

A

-A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden-beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a church, all those who adhere to them”

197
Q

Anomie

A

-A alienation that individuals experience when faced with physical dislocation and the disruption of social networks and group values

198
Q

Performed

A

-In a public display, rites and rituals-not so much thought about as danced and sung

199
Q

Rite of Passages

A

-A category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or for a group

200
Q

Chisungu

A

-A coming-of-age ceremony for young teenage women after first menstruation and in preparation for marriage

201
Q

Separation

A

-Individual experiences physically, psychologically, or symbolically from the normal, day-to-day activities of the group

202
Q

Liminality

A

-One stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, and current community

203
Q

Reaggregation/Reincorporation

A

-Returns the individual to everyday life and reintegrates him or her into the ritual community, transformed by the experience of liminality and endowed with a deeper sense of meaning, purpose, and connection to the larger group

204
Q

Communitas

A

-A sense of camaraderie, a common vision of what commitment to take social action to move toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites pf passage

205
Q

Pilgrimage

A

-A religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment

206
Q

Cultural Materialism

A

-A theory that argues material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, such as religious principles

207
Q

Adimsa

A

-The practice of nonviolence and respect for the unity of all life that is key to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism

208
Q

Gradual Rationalization in Religion

A

-Traditional religion based on magic and led by shamans
-Charismatic religion based on the persuasive power of prophets such as Buddha, Jesus, and Moses
-Finally, rational religion based on legal codes of conduct, bureaucratic structures, and formally trained religious leaders

209
Q

Secular

A

-Without religious or spiritual basis

210
Q

Shamans

A

-Part-time religious practitioners with abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings to provide special knowledge and power for healing, guidance, and wisdom

211
Q

Shaman’s Role

A

-Intervene with their deities on behalf of adherents
-Assist adherents in practices of prayer and meditation through which they seek healing or guidance

212
Q

Magic

A

-The use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil

213
Q

Imitative magic

A

-A ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitating the desire magical result

214
Q

Contagious Magic

A

-Ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person

215
Q

Symbol

A

-Anything that represents something else

216
Q

Authorizing Process

A

-The complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning

217
Q

“Religious Health Assets”

A

-Play tangible and intangible roles in the public health enterprise, mobilizing the symbolic and material power of Christian communities to promote concrete interventions in the health of rural Swazis

218
Q

Medical Anthropology

A

-Intensive fieldwork, extensive participant observation in local communities, and deep immersion in the daily lives of people and their local problems and experiences have proven profoundly effective in solving pressing public health problems

219
Q

Medical Ecology

A

-The interaction of diseases with the natural environment and human culture

220
Q

Critical Medical Anthropology

A

-Explores the impact of inequality on human health in two important ways
~In considers how economic and political systems, race, class, gender, and sexuality create and perpetuate unequal access to health care
~It examines how health systems themselves are systems of power that promote disparities in health by defining who is sick, who gets treated, and how the treatment is provided

221
Q

Medical Anthropology’s Holistic Approach to Health and Illness

A

-Examining epidemiology, meaning and power assumes that health and illness are more than a result of germs, individual behavior, and genes

222
Q

Health

A

-The absence of disease and infirmity as well as the presence of physical, mental, and social well-being

223
Q

Functionally Healthy

A

-Not perfectly healthy, but healthy enough to do what you need to do
~Get up in the morning
~Go to school/work
~Reproduce the species

224
Q

Disease

A

-A discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by a health professional

225
Q

Illness

A

-The individual patient’s experience of being unwell

226
Q

Sickness

A

-An individual’s public expression of illness and disease, including social expectations about how one should behave and how others will respond

227
Q

Ethnomedicine

A

-Local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values

228
Q

Ethnopharmacology

A

-The documentation and description of the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices

229
Q

Amchis

A

-Traditional healers whose healing practices are deeply rooted in Tibetan Buddhism

230
Q

Amchi Medicaine

A

-Based on achieving bodily and spiritual balance between the individual and the surrounding universe

231
Q

Amchi Medicine

A

-Based on achieving bodily and spiritual balance between the individual and the surrounding universe

232
Q

Amchi Medicine

A

-Based on achieving bodily and spiritual balance between the individual and the surrounding universe

233
Q

Biomedicine

A

-A practice, often associated with Western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting healing

234
Q

Schulmedizin

A

-School medicine which focuses on typical biomedical treatments

235
Q

Naturheilkunde

A

-Nature cure which draws on natural remidies

236
Q

Individual’s qi

A

-“Breath of air”
-Referring to an energy found in all living things-must be balanced and flowing in equilibrium with the rest of the universe for a person to be healthy

237
Q

Medical Pluralism

A

-The intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing

238
Q

Illness Narratives

A

-The personal stories that people tell to explain their illnesses

239
Q

Human Microbiome

A

-The complete collection of microorganism in the human body’s ecosystem

240
Q

Disability

A

-The embodied experiences of people with impairments as shaped by broader forms of social inequality
~Sensory impairment to hearing and sight
~Limited mobility
~Epilepsy
~Autism
~Psychiatric Illnesses
~Chronic Pain
~Dementia related to aging
-Sudden illnesses
~Heart attacked
~Accidents
~Warfare

241
Q

Kuru

A

-“Trembel” or “Fear”
-For the uncontrollable tremors that its victims’ experience is an acute degenerative disease of the central nervous system

242
Q

Health Transition

A

The significant improvements in human health made over the twentieth century; they were not, however, distributed evenly across the world’s populations

243
Q

Critical Medical Anthropology

A

-An approach to the study of health and illness that analyzes the impact of inequality and stratification within systems of power in individual and group health outcomes

244
Q

Medical Migration

A

-The movement of diseases, medical treatments, and entire healthcare systems, as well as those seeking medical care, across national borders

245
Q

Health

A

-The absence of disease and infirmity, as well the presence of physically, mental, and social well being

246
Q

Illness

A

-Patient’s experience of sickness, culturally defined understanfing of disease

247
Q

Disease

A

-Discrete natural entity clinically measured

248
Q

Gray Area

A

-Disease
~Measured and treated, caused genetically or through infection
-Illness
~Biological disease, the patient feels, thinks, and experiences
-Culture
~Gives disease and cultural remedies before “Western Medicine”

249
Q

Medical Pluralism

A

-Intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing
~Often occurs as a conflict between Western and cultural traditions

250
Q

Medical Migration and Power

A

-Power of Healthcare
~human health by how economic, political systems, race, class, gender, etc.
-Systems of power that generate disparities in health by defining who is sick(est), who gets treated, and how
-Medical Migration
~Movement of disease, medical treatment, and entire healthcare systems, as well as those seeking medical care across national borders

251
Q

Health Transition

A

-Dramatic Improvement in health
~Life expectancy
~Decline in disease
-Global Life Expectancy
~73.4 years (globally)

252
Q

What is art?

A

-The ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creativity and inspiration to others
-Forms
~Music/Songs
~Stories/Games
~Paintings
~Plays/Dance
~Sculpture
~Architecture
~Clothing
~Food

253
Q

Anthropology of Art

A

-Art is both created and received
~Art takes shape in both creation and perception
-Issues with flawed assumptions that Western traditions have posed as to what is or is not art
~Pop v. Fine Art
~Universal art aesthetic
~Assumption of qualitative differences between Western art and “primitive” art

254
Q

Fine Art v. Pop Art

A

-Art is integral to all of human life-not exclusive, but inclusive
~Western traditions have developed about how to evaluate what is and what is NOT art
-Fine Art
~The province of the elite (museums, operas, ballet, etc.)
-Popular Art
~Less refined and less sophisticated- associated with the ‘general population’

255
Q

Anth Perspective

A

-Not the sole province of elite or professional artists
-Art is integral to all of human life
-Can be expressed through
~Elaborate performances in specialized venues as well as route in activities in mundane settings
~Any members of a group can create, and experience are
-Significance of art cannot be underestimated
-How it connects to norms and values, economic and political systems and events
-Above all, else-seeks to understand the development and meaning of local are forms

256
Q

Universal Gaze

A

-An intrinsic way of perceiving art
-Western 18th century with European philosophers (Kant/Hegel)
~Suggest that nature creates universal aesthetics
-20th-century interpretations
~Let the art speak for itself
-Not all cultures have the same definitions of beauty, imagination, skill and style

257
Q

What is Beauty?

A

-A quality present in a thing that gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction to the mind
-The difference between ‘art’ and ‘beauty’ is that art is about who has produced it, whereas beauty is based on who’s looking

258
Q

Perceiving Art

A

-Can vary from place to place and within a culture
-May bring pleasure/joy, but may also shock, terrify, horrify, or anger its audience
-Embedded in the process of enculturation that shapes the observer’s perceptions, expectations, and experience when evaluating art

259
Q

Oldest Art in the World

A

-Stone/bone tools
-Lascaux and Altamira Caves
~Paleolithic cave paintings
*Highly developed artistic skills

260
Q

Authenticity

A

-Key junction in which local communities manage the global economy
-The perception of an object’s antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture
~Tourist market
-The creation of value on the perception of objects as authentic or genuine

261
Q

Art and Power

A

-Intersects with key systems of power such as race, ethnicity, class, gender, etc.
-Makes the unconscious conscious
-Opens space for alternative visions of reality

262
Q

Ethnomusicology

A

-The study of music and culture
~Study of music in its social and cultural contexts
-Examine music as a social process in order to understand what music is and what it means to the musicians and audiences

263
Q

Global Mediascape and Cultural Identity

A

-Social media distributing art across multiple populations
~Communities across boundaries of culture, language, geography, economics, and politics
-Visual Anthropology explores the production, circulation, and consumption of visual images
~Focusing on the power of visual representations in art, performance, museums, and the mass media to influence culture and cultural identity

264
Q

Photographic Gaze

A

-National Geographic
~Collects world between its covers
*Presumed neutral viewpoint
*Practice is ‘geared to a classic form of humanism,… focusing on clothing and portrayal of difference’
Projects a magical sense of unity
**Overlooks key aspects of human history including inequality, hunger, poverty
**Fear these topics would be offputting and disrupt readers’ views of the world

265
Q

Indigenous Media

A

-Previously produced ethnographic films ‘interpreted’
-Films strive to show local communities in the context
-More and more giving ‘voice’ to the local communities through “indigenous media”

266
Q

Art

A

-All ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creative and inspiration to others

267
Q

Fine Art

A

-Creative expression and communication often associated with cultural eliets

268
Q

Popular Art

A

-Creative expression and communication often associated with the general population

269
Q

Universal Gaze

A

-An intrinsic way of perceiving art- through many in the Western art world to be found across cultures-that informs what people consider to be art or not art

270
Q

Authenticity

A

-The perception of an object’s antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture

271
Q

Ethnomusicology

A

-The study of music in cultural context

272
Q

Ethnomusicology

A

-The study of music in a cultural context

273
Q

Kinetic Orality

A

A musical genre combining body movement and voice

274
Q

Global Miediascape

A

Global cultural flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries in ways unimaginable a century ago

275
Q

Media Worlds

A

-An ethnographic and theoretical approach to media studies that focuses on the tensions that may exist when visual worlds collide in the context of contemporary globalization

276
Q

Social Media

A

-News forms of communication founded on computer-and internet-based technologies that facilitate socail engagment, work, and pleasure

277
Q

Visual Anthropology

A

-A field of anthropology that explores the production, circulation, and consumption of visual images, focusing on the power of visual representation to influence culture and cultural identity

278
Q

Photographic Gaze

A

-The presumed neutural viewpoint of the camera that in fact projects the perspective of the person behind the camera onto human nature, the natural world, and history

279
Q

Indigenous Media

A

-The use of media by people who have experienced massive economic, political, and geographic disruption to build alturnative strategies for communication, survuval, and empowerment

ANTH 101 (Cultural) (2 decks)

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