Information for the Final Flashcards
1
Q
Kinship
A
-The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities
2
Q
Nuclear Family
A
-The kinship of mother, father, and children
3
Q
Descent Group
A
-A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through certain consanguineous (“blood”) relatives
4
Q
Lineage
A
-A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor
5
Q
Clan
A
-A type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lack genealogical documentation
6
Q
Matrilineal
A
-Constructing the group through female ancestors
7
Q
Patrilineal
A
-Tracing kinship through male ancestors
8
Q
Unilineal
A
-Reflection of both matrilineal and patrilineal because they build kinship groups through either one line or the other
9
Q
Ambilinea (Also known as Cognatic or bilateral)
A
-Trace kinship through both the mother and father
10
Q
Patrilineal Descent Group
A
-A kinship group in which membership passes to the next generation from father to son
11
Q
Exogamous
A
-Meaning that marriages within the group were not permitted
12
Q
Cultural Revolution
A
-A modernization campaign promoted by the Chinese government to throw out the old and bring in the new
~Refering to the family and temple ancestral records in the late 1960s
13
Q
Affinal Relationship
A
-A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent
14
Q
Marriages
A
-A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance
15
Q
Arranged Marriage
A
-Marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties
16
Q
Companionate Marriage
A
-Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation
17
Q
Polygyny
A
-Marriage between one man and two or more women
18
Q
Polyandry
A
-Marriage between one woman and two or more men
19
Q
Monogamy
A
-A relationship between only two partners
20
Q
Serial Monogamy
A
-Which monogamous marriages follow one after the other
21
Q
Incest Taboo
A
-Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives
22
Q
Exogamy
A
-Marriage to someone outside the kinship group
23
Q
Endogamy
A
-Marriage to someone within the kinship group
24
Q
Kindred Exogamy
A
-Avoiding either by force of law or by the power of tradition, marriage with certain relatives
25
Bridewealth
-The gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process
26
Dowry
-The gift of goods or money from the bride's family to the groom's family as part of the marriage process
27
"Cousin"
-In Southall, cousin derives from the blurring of lines of kinship and friendship
~Kinship carries a sense of obligation and loyalty
~Frindship affords the power of choice and preference
-Using the term provides an opening to build connections, alliances, and deep relations among people of often extremely different backgrounds
28
Fictive Kin
-An individual who is not related by birth, adoption, or marriage to a child, but who has an emotionally significant relationship with the child
29
Family of Orientation
-The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills
30
Family of Procreation
-The family group created when one reproduces and within which one rears children
31
Why Study Kinship
-Relationships based on kinship are the core of a culture's social orgizitaions
-Societies vary in their kinship system
-The kinds and size of groups formed using kinship principles, the norms attached to kin roles, and the way people categorize their relatives are diverse
32
Importance of Kinship in Human Societies
-Political Succession
-Inheritance
-Choice of male
-Economic Ramifications
33
Terms
-Kinship
~System of meaning and power created to determine who is related to whom and associated expectations and responsibilities
-Nuclear Family
~Core
*Mother/ Father/ Children
-Descent group
-Lineage
~Trace to founding ancestor
~Many generations in the past
-Clan
~Often claims founding ancestor
~Often lacking in genealogical records
~United by actual or perceived kinship
~Unable to trace how they are kin, but believe themselves to be kinfolk
-Marriage
~A secondary way humans form kinship
~Socially recognized relationships
~Can be used to unite groups
-Arranged Marriage
~Where?
*Asia, Pacific, Middle East, Africa
~US?
*Religious groups
*Upper-class elite
-Monogamy
-Polygyny
-Polyandry
-Incest taboo
34
Forms of Descent
-Unilineal
-Patrilineal
-Matrilineal
-Bilateral (Ambilineal)
35
Kinship Naming Systems
-Hawaiian
-Sudanese
-Eskimo
36
Hydro-social Process
-Promotes a critical analysis of water-society relationships
-The circulation of water intersects with human systems of power
37
Egalitarian Society
-A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence
38
Reciprocity
-The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties
39
Ranked Society
-A group in which wealth is not stratified but presige and status are
40
Redistribution
-A form of exchanged in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern
41
Potlatch
-Elabotare redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kawakiuti of the Pacific Northwest
42
Bourgeoisie
-Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production
43
Means of Production
-The factories machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things
44
Capital
-Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth
45
Proletariat
-Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor
46
Prestige
-The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of the membership in certain groups
47
Life change
-An individual's opportunities to improve quality of life and realize the goals
48
Social Mobility
-The moment of one's class position, upward, or downward, in stratified socitites
49
Meritocracy
-Students are deemed successful on the basis of their individual talent and motivation
50
Social Reproduction
-The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next
51
Culture Capital
-The knowledge, habit, and taste learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society
52
Intersectionality
-An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life change and societal [atterns of stratification
53
Income
-What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties
54
Dividends
-A payment by a corporation to its shareholders of a portion of corporate profits
55
Interest
A fee is paid for the use of borrowed money
56
Rent
-Refers to payment to an owner as compensation for the rise of land, a building, an apartment, property, or equipment
57
Royalties
-Income based on a percentage of the revenue from the sale of a patent, book, or theatrical work paid to the inventor or author
58
Wealth
-The total value of what someone owns, minus any debts
59
Fijos
-Sell their wares from narrow stalls in the market's central pavilion
60
Ambilantes
-Rove the surrounding, traffic-clogged streets and packed sidewalks, alleyways, and passageways hawking food, drinks, watches, radios, DVDs, men's briefs, hardware, soap, cosmetics, bananas, rice
61
Caste (Varnas)
-A system of stratification most prominently found in South Asia in which status is determined by birth
62
Brahmins
-Scholars and spiritual leaders
63
Ksyatriyas
-Soldiers and rulers
64
Vaisyas
-Agricultural workers and merchants
65
Shudras
-Worked as laborers and artisans
66
Dalits (untouchables)
-Member of India's "lowest" caste; literally, "broken people"
67
Jatis
-Created around birth groups drawn from many sources, including ethnic origins and occupations
68
Ascribed Status
-A status assigned, usually at birth
69
Achieved Status
-A status acquired during one's lifetime
70
Apartheid
-A race-based system segregated people into four groups: blacks, Indians (of Asian descent), colored (mixed heritage), and whites
71
Bantustans
-A territory that the Nation of Party administration of South Africa set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa as known as the people's homeland
72
Economy
-A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisty their need and to thrive
73
Food Foragers
-Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat
-Today
~Fewer than 250,00 groups
74
Pastoralism
-A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals
75
Transhumance
-Moving livestock seasonally between high- and low-altitude grazing areas
76
Horticulture
-The cultivation of plants for subsistance through nonintensive use of land and labor
77
Slash and Burn Agriculture
-Also know as "swidden farming"
-To clear land for cultivation, kill insects that may inhabit crop growth, and produce nutrient-rich ash that serves as fertilization
78
Agriculture
-An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus
79
Peasants
-Small-scale rural farmers whose agricultural surpluse are transferred upward to support the dominant elites and others who do not farm but whose goods and services are considered essential
80
Industral Agriculture
-Intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production of foodstuffs
81
Carrying Capacity
-The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region
82
Barter
-The direct exchange of goods and services, one for the other, without currency or money
83
Reciprocity
-The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties
84
Generalized Reciprocity
-Encompasses exchange in which the value of that is exchanve is not carefully calculated and the timing or amount of repayment is not predetermined
85
Balanced Reciprocity
-Occus between people who are more distantly related
~Includes norms about giving, accepting, and reciprocation
86
Negative Reciprocity
-Refers to a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to recieve more than they give, reaping a material advantage through the exchange
87
Redistribution
-A form of exchange in which accumulatied wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocared in different patterns
88
Leveling Mechanisms
-Practices and organizations that reallocare resources among a group to maximaize the collective good
89
Economic Anthropology
-The study o fhuman economic activity adn relations
90
Colonialism
-The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyod their own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw material, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions
91
Triangle Trade
-The extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic
92
Industrial Revolution
-The eighteenth- and nineteenth-century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machine-based manufacturing
93
Modernization Theories
-Post-World War II economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countires would follow the same trajectory towards modernization as the industrial countries
94
Development
-Post-World War II strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investments in national economies of former colonies
95
Dependency Theory
-A critique of modernization theory arguing that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed
96
Neocolinoslism
-A continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial politial and military control
97
Underdevelopment
-The term used to suggest that poor countires are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system
98
Core Countries
-Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system
99
Periphery Countries
-The least-developed and least-powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets
100
Semiperiphery Countries
-Nations ranking in between core and periphy countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy
101
Fordism
-The dominant modle of insustrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations,a dn governments
102
Felible Accumulation
-The increaseingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enable by innovative communication and transportation technologies
103
Offshoring
-Relocating factories anywhere in the world that provides optimal production, infrasturcture, labor, amrketing, and political conditions
104
Outsourcing
-Hiring low-wage laborers in periphery countires to preform jobs previously done in core countiries
105
Global Cities
-Formor industrial centers that have reinvented themselves as command centers for global production
106
Noeliberalism
-An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government
107
Commodity Chain
-The hands an item passes through between producer adn consumer
108
"Friction"
-The messy and often unequal encounters ar the thersection of the local and the global, including the role of teansnational corporations, international development agnecies, local and narional governments, and global trade regulations
109
Adaptive Strategies
-Food Foraging
-Pastoralism
-Horticulture
-Agriculture
-Industrialism
110
European Expansion
-Began in 1492 from Columbus
-Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch invaded in the Americas
-Trade networks allowed to exchange of technology, food, animals, and
111
Triangle Trade
-Europe, Africa, and the Americas
~Sugar, Fish, rum, tobacco, etc.
*
112
Environmental Anthropology
-The study of the relationship between humans and the environment
113
Anthropocene
-The current historical era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways
114
Gladesman
-Poor rural whites and their largely forgotten way of life in the Flordia backcountry between the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries
115
Multispecies Ethnography
-Ethnographic research designed to consider the interactions of all species living on the planet and see the world from a more than human perspective
116
Gentrification
-Urban renewal, often supported by government policies and incentives, effectively replacing low-income residents, often people of color, with wealthier newcomers
117
Built Environments
-The intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation, public service infrastructure, and public spaces
118
Redlining
-In the 1930s, mortgage brokers created and enforced segregation and disinvestment in hundreds of cities across the United States
119
Ecotourism
-Tours of remote natural environments designed to support local communities and their conservation efforts
120
Carbon Sequestration
-The natural process of extracting excess atmospheric carbon through plants and soils
121
Settler Colonialism
-Displacement and pacification of indigenous people and expropriation of their lands and resources
122
Critical Infrastructure
-Essential to their country's national (economic) security
123
"Ecological Overshoot"
-Occurs when human demand on nature exceed the planet's ability to provide
124
Pushes and Pulls
-The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country
125
Pushed
- Migrate from their home community by poverty, famine, natural disasters, climate change, war, ethnic conflict, genocide, disease, or political or religious oppression
126
"Refugees"
-People who are forced to migrate
127
Pulled
-Certain places by job opportunities, higher wages, educational opportunities for themselves and their children, access to health care, or investment opportunities
128
Bridge and Barries
-The factors that enable or inhibit migration
129
Chain Migration
-The movement of people facilitated by the support of networks of family and friends who have already immigrated
130
Hometown Associations
-Organizations created for mutual support by immigrants from the same hometown or region
131
Remittances
-Resources transferred from migrants working abroad to individuals, families, and institutions in their country of origin
132
Cumulative Causation
-An accumulation of factors that create a culture in which migration comes to be expected
133
Labor Immigrants
-Persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill
134
Guest Worker Program
-A policy that allows labor immigrants to enter a country temporarily to work buy denies them long-term rights and privilages
135
Professional Immigrants
-Highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country
136
Brain Drain
-Migration of highly skilled professionals from developing/periphery countries to developed/core countries
137
Social Capital
-Assets and skills such as language, education, and social networks that can be mobilized in lieu of or as complementary to financial capital
138
"Cosmonauts"
-Also known as Professional immigrants because of their constant, jet-set movement through Earth's atmosphere, constitute a small fraction of the global migration flow
139
Entrepreneurial Immigrants
-Persons who move to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business
140
Refugees
-Persons who have been forced to move beyond their national borders because of political or religious persecution, armed conflict, or disasters
141
Internally Displace Persons
-Persons who have been forced to move within their country of origin because of persecution, armed conflict, or disasters
142
Gendered Process
-Challenging scholars in all fields to see migration; one that affects both men and women, but often in distinctly different ways
143
1.5 Generation
-Refers to children born in the home country who then migrate with their parents and grow up in the new host country
144
Internal Migration
-The movement of people within their own national borders
145
Transnationalism
-The practice of maintaining active participation in social, economic, religious, and political spheres across national borders
~People are known as "Transnational immigrants"
146
Return Migration
-Refers to immigrants who, having settled in a new receiving country, reverse course and return "home," sometimes in the same generation and sometimes in later generations
147
Nikkeijin
-A person of Japanese decent who lives in Latin America returning to Japan, pushed by an economic downturn and pulled by a severe labor shortage in Japan
148
Environmental Issues
-Climate Change
~Heat
~Sea Level Rise
-Mining Operations
-Desertification
-Pollution
-Polar Regions
-Tropical Regions
~Nuclear Impact
~Landscape modification
149
High Island and Low Island
-High Island
~Volcanic
~Fertile
~Larger Populations
-Low Island
~Coral
~Sandy, Limited Water
*Agriculture difficult
~Smaller populations
150
Ownership of Land and Sea
-Territorial water
~12 miles offshore
-Contiguous Zone
~12 miles past the territorial waters
-Exclusive Economic Zone
~200 miles offshore
-All states must grant "Innocent passage" to ship not threatening the security of that state
151
Climate Change in Oceania
-Atmosphere 2.3%
-Continents 2.1%
-Glaciers/caps 0.9%
-Arctic sea ice 0.8%
-Greenland Ice Sheet 0.2%
-Antarctic Sea Sheet 0.2%
152
Greta Thunberg
-Protesting in 2018 as a 15yo student
-Activism
-New Generation of awareness
153
Environmental Anthropology
-The study of how humans interact with the natural world around them
~Many studies attributed the environment as something to adapt to, not how humans actively interact with the natural world
154
Anthropocene
-A distinct era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways
155
Detachemtn and destruction on land and the impact
-Tahiti
~Nuclear testing
~Removal from traditional lands
-Banaba
~Remmoval from traditional lands
~Explo
156
Multispecies Entnography
-To view the wordl from more than a human perspective
-Understanding the relationship with other species
-non-human species and natural environment to be considered
157
Natural Disasters
-Difference between who lives and who dies is often rooted in social inequality
-Hurricane Katrina
158
Conservation and Globalization
-Beginning in the 1970s
~Environmental and cultural
-Conflicts
~Peasant and migrant workers (pesticides)
~Standign rock Sioux rez (exploration of resources
-Advocates
~Indigenous people across
159
Emigration
-Leaving
160
Immigration
-Coming to
161
Net Migration
-Difference between emigration and immigration
162
Chain Migration
-To a specific location because of commonalities
163
Power
-Often described as the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence
164
Political Anthropology
-Highly detailed studies of local political systems rarely placed yhr communities in a larger context, despite being conducted at the time when colonialist powers had imposed nonindigenous governing structures in much of the world
165
Band
-A small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory
166
Egalitarian Ethos
-Promoted generosity, altruism, and sharing while resisting upstarts, aggression, and egoism
167
"Tribe"
-Usually a reference to a loosely organized group of people acting together, outside the authority of the state, under unelected leaders and big men/strong men and drawing on a sense of unity based on a notion of shared ethnicity
168
Tribe
-Originally formulated
-Referred to a culturally distinct population, often combining several bands, that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor and organized around villages, kin groups, clans, and lineages
169
Tribe
-Today
-Used in the self-naming and identity-building strategies of Native Americans as they resist the dominance of the settler colonial state
170
Tribe
-Originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multiband population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state
171
Chiefdom
-An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount cheif
172
Tautki
-Little Service
~Warriors and martial skills of the Micronesian culture
173
Taulap
-Great Service
~Generosity of spirit, duty to one's kin, and the ability to produce food and other goods in quantities that enable gift-giving and feasting
174
Evolutionary Framework
-Assuming a steady progression from simple to complex and primitive to civilized
175
State
-An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory
176
"Vertical Encompassment"
-A routine and repetitive acts, the state comes to fell all-encompassing and overarching
177
Hegemony
-The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force
178
Nationalism
-A sense of shared history, culture, language, destiny, and purpose, often through invented traditions of holidays, parades, national sings, public ceremonies, and historical reenactments
179
State Sovereignty
-The right of the state to maintain self-determination within its borders
180
Civil Society Organization
-A local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities
181
Militarization
-The contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence
182
"Terror Warfare"
-Perpetrated by rebel guerrillas and Mozambican government soldiers, that targeted the country's civilian population through military attacks, hunger, and displacement
183
Agency
-Thee potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power
184
Social Movement
-Collective group actions that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies
185
Framing Process
-The creation of share meaning and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements
186
Fatwa
-A response to a question about how to live ethically and rightly
187
Elements of Religious Beliefs
-Belief in powers or deities whose abilities transcend those of the natural world and cannot be measured by scientific tools
-Myths and stories that reflect on the meaning and purpose of life, its origins, and humans' place in the universe
-Ritual activities that reinforce, recall, instill, and explore collective beliefs
-Powerful symbols, often used in religious rituals, that represent key aspects of the religion for its followers
-Specialists who assist the average believer to bridge everyday life experiences and the religion's ideals and supernatural aspects
-Organizations and institutions that preserve, explore, teach, and implement the religion's key beliefs
-A community of believers
188
Religion
-A set of beliefs and rituals based on a vision of how the world ought to be and how life ought to be lived, often focused on a supernatural power and lived out in community
189
Five Pillars of Islam
-Making a declaration of faith
-Saying prayers five times a day
-Performing acts of charity
-Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
-Undertaking a pilgrimage to Mecca
190
Martyr
-A person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion
191
Saint
-An individual considered exceptionally close to God and who is then exalted after death
192
Loban
-Rocklike chunks of incense sold at the shrine and thrown onto red-hot coals eight times a day
193
Sacred
-Anything considered holy
194
Profane
-Anything that is considered unholy
195
Ritual
-An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging
196
Durkheim's Def. of Religion
-A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden-beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a church, all those who adhere to them"
197
Anomie
-A alienation that individuals experience when faced with physical dislocation and the disruption of social networks and group values
198
Performed
-In a public display, rites and rituals-not so much thought about as danced and sung
199
Rite of Passages
-A category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or for a group
200
Chisungu
-A coming-of-age ceremony for young teenage women after first menstruation and in preparation for marriage
201
Separation
-Individual experiences physically, psychologically, or symbolically from the normal, day-to-day activities of the group
202
Liminality
-One stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, and current community
203
Reaggregation/Reincorporation
-Returns the individual to everyday life and reintegrates him or her into the ritual community, transformed by the experience of liminality and endowed with a deeper sense of meaning, purpose, and connection to the larger group
204
Communitas
-A sense of camaraderie, a common vision of what commitment to take social action to move toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites pf passage
205
Pilgrimage
-A religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment
206
Cultural Materialism
-A theory that argues material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, such as religious principles
207
Adimsa
-The practice of nonviolence and respect for the unity of all life that is key to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism
208
Gradual Rationalization in Religion
-Traditional religion based on magic and led by shamans
-Charismatic religion based on the persuasive power of prophets such as Buddha, Jesus, and Moses
-Finally, rational religion based on legal codes of conduct, bureaucratic structures, and formally trained religious leaders
209
Secular
-Without religious or spiritual basis
210
Shamans
-Part-time religious practitioners with abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings to provide special knowledge and power for healing, guidance, and wisdom
211
Shaman's Role
-Intervene with their deities on behalf of adherents
-Assist adherents in practices of prayer and meditation through which they seek healing or guidance
212
Magic
-The use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil
213
Imitative magic
-A ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitating the desire magical result
214
Contagious Magic
-Ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person
215
Symbol
-Anything that represents something else
216
Authorizing Process
-The complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning
217
"Religious Health Assets"
-Play tangible and intangible roles in the public health enterprise, mobilizing the symbolic and material power of Christian communities to promote concrete interventions in the health of rural Swazis
218
Medical Anthropology
-Intensive fieldwork, extensive participant observation in local communities, and deep immersion in the daily lives of people and their local problems and experiences have proven profoundly effective in solving pressing public health problems
219
Medical Ecology
-The interaction of diseases with the natural environment and human culture
220
Critical Medical Anthropology
-Explores the impact of inequality on human health in two important ways
~In considers how economic and political systems, race, class, gender, and sexuality create and perpetuate unequal access to health care
~It examines how health systems themselves are systems of power that promote disparities in health by defining who is sick, who gets treated, and how the treatment is provided
221
Medical Anthropology's Holistic Approach to Health and Illness
-Examining epidemiology, meaning and power assumes that health and illness are more than a result of germs, individual behavior, and genes
222
Health
-The absence of disease and infirmity as well as the presence of physical, mental, and social well-being
223
Functionally Healthy
-Not perfectly healthy, but healthy enough to do what you need to do
~Get up in the morning
~Go to school/work
~Reproduce the species
224
Disease
-A discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by a health professional
225
Illness
-The individual patient's experience of being unwell
226
Sickness
-An individual's public expression of illness and disease, including social expectations about how one should behave and how others will respond
227
Ethnomedicine
-Local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values
228
Ethnopharmacology
-The documentation and description of the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices
229
Amchis
-Traditional healers whose healing practices are deeply rooted in Tibetan Buddhism
230
Amchi Medicaine
-Based on achieving bodily and spiritual balance between the individual and the surrounding universe
231
Amchi Medicine
-Based on achieving bodily and spiritual balance between the individual and the surrounding universe
232
Amchi Medicine
-Based on achieving bodily and spiritual balance between the individual and the surrounding universe
233
Biomedicine
-A practice, often associated with Western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting healing
234
Schulmedizin
-School medicine which focuses on typical biomedical treatments
235
Naturheilkunde
-Nature cure which draws on natural remidies
236
Individual's qi
-"Breath of air"
-Referring to an energy found in all living things-must be balanced and flowing in equilibrium with the rest of the universe for a person to be healthy
237
Medical Pluralism
-The intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing
238
Illness Narratives
-The personal stories that people tell to explain their illnesses
239
Human Microbiome
-The complete collection of microorganism in the human body's ecosystem
240
Disability
-The embodied experiences of people with impairments as shaped by broader forms of social inequality
~Sensory impairment to hearing and sight
~Limited mobility
~Epilepsy
~Autism
~Psychiatric Illnesses
~Chronic Pain
~Dementia related to aging
-Sudden illnesses
~Heart attacked
~Accidents
~Warfare
241
Kuru
-"Trembel" or "Fear"
-For the uncontrollable tremors that its victims' experience is an acute degenerative disease of the central nervous system
242
Health Transition
The significant improvements in human health made over the twentieth century; they were not, however, distributed evenly across the world's populations
243
Critical Medical Anthropology
-An approach to the study of health and illness that analyzes the impact of inequality and stratification within systems of power in individual and group health outcomes
244
Medical Migration
-The movement of diseases, medical treatments, and entire healthcare systems, as well as those seeking medical care, across national borders
245
Health
-The absence of disease and infirmity, as well the presence of physically, mental, and social well being
246
Illness
-Patient's experience of sickness, culturally defined understanfing of disease
247
Disease
-Discrete natural entity clinically measured
248
Gray Area
-Disease
~Measured and treated, caused genetically or through infection
-Illness
~Biological disease, the patient feels, thinks, and experiences
-Culture
~Gives disease and cultural remedies before "Western Medicine"
249
Medical Pluralism
-Intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing
~Often occurs as a conflict between Western and cultural traditions
250
Medical Migration and Power
-Power of Healthcare
~human health by how economic, political systems, race, class, gender, etc.
-Systems of power that generate disparities in health by defining who is sick(est), who gets treated, and how
-Medical Migration
~Movement of disease, medical treatment, and entire healthcare systems, as well as those seeking medical care across national borders
251
Health Transition
-Dramatic Improvement in health
~Life expectancy
~Decline in disease
-Global Life Expectancy
~73.4 years (globally)
252
What is art?
-The ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creativity and inspiration to others
-Forms
~Music/Songs
~Stories/Games
~Paintings
~Plays/Dance
~Sculpture
~Architecture
~Clothing
~Food
253
Anthropology of Art
-Art is both created and received
~Art takes shape in both creation and perception
-Issues with flawed assumptions that Western traditions have posed as to what is or is not art
~Pop v. Fine Art
~Universal art aesthetic
~Assumption of qualitative differences between Western art and "primitive" art
254
Fine Art v. Pop Art
-Art is integral to all of human life-not exclusive, but inclusive
~Western traditions have developed about how to evaluate what is and what is NOT art
-Fine Art
~The province of the elite (museums, operas, ballet, etc.)
-Popular Art
~Less refined and less sophisticated- associated with the 'general population'
255
Anth Perspective
-Not the sole province of elite or professional artists
-Art is integral to all of human life
-Can be expressed through
~Elaborate performances in specialized venues as well as route in activities in mundane settings
~Any members of a group can create, and experience are
-Significance of art cannot be underestimated
-How it connects to norms and values, economic and political systems and events
-Above all, else-seeks to understand the development and meaning of local are forms
256
Universal Gaze
-An intrinsic way of perceiving art
-Western 18th century with European philosophers (Kant/Hegel)
~Suggest that nature creates universal aesthetics
-20th-century interpretations
~Let the art speak for itself
-Not all cultures have the same definitions of beauty, imagination, skill and style
257
What is Beauty?
-A quality present in a thing that gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction to the mind
-The difference between 'art' and 'beauty' is that art is about who has produced it, whereas beauty is based on who's looking
258
Perceiving Art
-Can vary from place to place and within a culture
-May bring pleasure/joy, but may also shock, terrify, horrify, or anger its audience
-Embedded in the process of enculturation that shapes the observer's perceptions, expectations, and experience when evaluating art
259
Oldest Art in the World
-Stone/bone tools
-Lascaux and Altamira Caves
~Paleolithic cave paintings
*Highly developed artistic skills
260
Authenticity
-Key junction in which local communities manage the global economy
-The perception of an object's antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture
~Tourist market
-The creation of value on the perception of objects as authentic or genuine
261
Art and Power
-Intersects with key systems of power such as race, ethnicity, class, gender, etc.
-Makes the unconscious conscious
-Opens space for alternative visions of reality
262
Ethnomusicology
-The study of music and culture
~Study of music in its social and cultural contexts
-Examine music as a social process in order to understand what music is and what it means to the musicians and audiences
263
Global Mediascape and Cultural Identity
-Social media distributing art across multiple populations
~Communities across boundaries of culture, language, geography, economics, and politics
-Visual Anthropology explores the production, circulation, and consumption of visual images
~Focusing on the power of visual representations in art, performance, museums, and the mass media to influence culture and cultural identity
264
Photographic Gaze
-National Geographic
~Collects world between its covers
*Presumed neutral viewpoint
*Practice is 'geared to a classic form of humanism,... focusing on clothing and portrayal of difference'
*Projects a magical sense of unity
**Overlooks key aspects of human history including inequality, hunger, poverty
***Fear these topics would be offputting and disrupt readers' views of the world
265
Indigenous Media
-Previously produced ethnographic films 'interpreted'
-Films strive to show local communities in the context
-More and more giving 'voice' to the local communities through "indigenous media"
266
Art
-All ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creative and inspiration to others
267
Fine Art
-Creative expression and communication often associated with cultural eliets
268
Popular Art
-Creative expression and communication often associated with the general population
269
Universal Gaze
-An intrinsic way of perceiving art- through many in the Western art world to be found across cultures-that informs what people consider to be art or not art
270
Authenticity
-The perception of an object's antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture
271
Ethnomusicology
-The study of music in cultural context
272
Ethnomusicology
-The study of music in a cultural context
273
Kinetic Orality
A musical genre combining body movement and voice
274
Global Miediascape
Global cultural flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries in ways unimaginable a century ago
275
Media Worlds
-An ethnographic and theoretical approach to media studies that focuses on the tensions that may exist when visual worlds collide in the context of contemporary globalization
276
Social Media
-News forms of communication founded on computer-and internet-based technologies that facilitate socail engagment, work, and pleasure
277
Visual Anthropology
-A field of anthropology that explores the production, circulation, and consumption of visual images, focusing on the power of visual representation to influence culture and cultural identity
278
Photographic Gaze
-The presumed neutural viewpoint of the camera that in fact projects the perspective of the person behind the camera onto human nature, the natural world, and history
279
Indigenous Media
-The use of media by people who have experienced massive economic, political, and geographic disruption to build alturnative strategies for communication, survuval, and empowerment
