INFORMATION, CONTROL, AND PRIVACY Flashcards by Mark Clarenz

the total means available to a company for increasing production or profit, including land, labor, capital, and raw materials.

Resources

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defined as “facts about something or someone that are provided or learned.”

Information

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are considered relevant truths which have been validated and identified.

Facts

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Information as a Resource:

Expandable
Compressible
Transportable
Diffusive
Sharable

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Information can be expanded without compromising its integrity. In fact, by having additional information, much more can be understood from it. An example is a person’s personal information.

Expandable

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Although expanded information can give a more detailed explanation, it may not always be needed. An example of this is in news sites. Instead of a barrage of details, news sites would often give one-liner headlines that provide enough information about the news.

Compressible

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Information, especially digital information, is easily various transportable. With the use of the internet and technologies, information can be sent though any of the following:
*send via email
*share via Facebook
*copy onto a flash drive
*upload on YouTube

Transportable

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Gossip or rumors tend to spread easily. Unfortunately, the same applies to any kind of information—be it true or not.

Diffusive

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Information is not all different from other resources. Similar to how physical resources are managed, information is considered valuable and also has a life cycle. It begins with transforming raw materials into a finished product—processing data to come up with valuable information. Weather forecasting is one such example.

Sharable

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Characteristics of Valuable Information:

Accurate
Complete
Economical
Reliable
Flexible
Relevant
Simple
Timely
Verifiable
Accessible
Secure

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_____________ information is error-free.

Accurate

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_____________ information contains all the important facts.

Complete

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Information should be relatively ____________ to produce.

Economical

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__________ information can be depended on.

Reliable

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In some cases, inaccurate information is generated because inaccurate data was processed. Analysts call this as __________________.

“garbage-in-garbage out.”

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Reliability is dependent on:

the validity of the data collection method
the source of information

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_____________ information can be used for different purposes.

Flexible

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_________ information is important to the decision-maker.

Relevant

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Information should also be __________, not overly complex.

Simple

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________ information is delivered when it is needed.

Timely

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This means that information can be checked for correctness and authenticity.

Verifiable

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Information should be easily ___________ by authorized users to be obtained in the right format at the right time to meet their needs.

Accessible

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Information should be ________ from access by unauthorized users.

Secure

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helps managers make good decisions which is why valuable or useful formation is called knowledge.

Valuable Information

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Information, as a resource, has four characteristics, namely it

(1) has zero marginal cost; (2) is non-rivalrous; (3) is non-exclusive. and (4) does not exhibit high degrees of transparency

The cost of producing the first copy of an information good may be substantial, but the cost of producing (or reproducing) additional copies is negligible.

Zero-marginal cost

Simultaneous consumption of information by consumers is possible. Movies nowadays are sold not only as DVD copies. There are also digital formats which anyone can watch online or download on their mobile devices, either as a rental or paid subscription.

Non-rivalrous

Exclusion is not a natural property of information goods, though it is possible to construct exclusion artificially However, the nature of information is that if it is known, it is difficult to exclude others from its use.

Non-exclusive

To evaluate the information, the information must be known, so one has to invest in learning how to evaluate it.

No transparency

describes the excess of information available to a person aiming to complete a task or make a decision.

Information Overload

Information overload impedes the ___________ process, resulting in a poor (or even no) decision being made.

decision-making

Information is now available so _________, ____________, and ______________.

quickly; ubiquitously; inexpensively

One zettabyte is equal to...

1,000,000,000 terabytes or one billion external drives

Information is produced at rapidly-increasing rates due to the following reasons:

*Easy duplication and transmission of information *Increase in communication methods *Growth archives of historical information

comes in the form of keeping secrets inside a business or selling IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) to those prepared to purchase it.

Information control

it is about allowing those who have appropriate authority access to and use of information on the basis of the authority that they hold.

Information control

the unauthorized copying or distribution of copyrighted software... can be done through copying downloading, sharing, selling or installing multiple copies of software onto personal or work computers.

Software piracy

Adam Thierer in 2011, identified four issues which further complicate the problem on information control:

(1) convergence, (2) scale, (3) volume, and (4) unprecedented individual empowerment/user-generation of content.

it is now possible to disseminate, find, or consume the same content/ information via multiple devices or distribution networks.

Convergence

The internet has given everyone access to anything they would like to search, upload, and download anywhere in the world. Concerns regarding copyright have greatly increased because of this.

Scale

This development can be attributed to the increasing __________ of media content and communications activities happening across the world, greatly complicating government regulatory efforts to control information.

Volume

The popularity of social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram has made it possible for individuals to post anything they want. This also includes creation of blogs which have become mainstream media for individuals to showcase their talents, skills, and hobbies. This creates issues when it comes to content restriction as most people are doing this using their private accounts. Unless reported, the said content will be difficult to control.

Unprecedented individual empowerment

One solution they have come up with is identifying exclusive rights to information, as with any given physical asset. This has led to the identification of ________________.

intellectual property rights

refers to a number of distinct types of intangible assets for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized. It includes musical, literary, and artistic works.

Intellectual Property

are the rights given to persons over their creations. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his or her creation for a certain period of time.

Intellectual property rights (IPR)

Republic Act No. 8293 s. 1998

Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines

provides protection for original expression which includes literary, artistic, scholarly, and scientific creations. It also extends to derivative works such as illustrations, maps, photographic works, advertisements, computer programs, etc.

In the Philippines, all copyrighted materials are recorded and stored at the ___________ or _____________ (R.A. 10372, 2013).

National Library; Supreme Court Library

is the permission granted to individuals to legitimately perform actions involving the use of a computer, any electronic device, or a communications network. It is particularly related to the protection and realization of existing rights in the context of new digital technologies, especially the internet.

Digital rights

used to describe the processes by which the author or publisher of a work exerts his or her rights to control what the purchaser of the work is entitled to do.

Digital rights management

This represents the control by which one can prevent a person or an organization from copying, printing, editing, or otherwise making the privileged information available to other people.

Digital rights management

The following are techniques designed to control access and reproduction of online information:

*Encryption *Serial Keys *Scrambling *Tag Embedding

the process of converting data or information in such a way that only authorized parties can understand.

Encryption

Its primary purpose is to protect the confidentiality of digital data stored on computer systems or transmitted via the internet or other computer networks.

Encryption

Also known as a product key or a software key, it is a series of alphanumeric characters acting as a key to denote that the product or software is original.

Serial Keys

A ___________ is used to activate the operating system online.

product key

_____________ helps maintain software authenticity by making sure no one else has used the same product key.

Online activation

done to hide sensitive information from unauthorized users.

Data scrambling

accomplished by the addition of components to the original signal or the changing of some important component of the original signal in order to make the extraction of the original signal difficult.

Scrambling

Scrambling is often done with the aid of __________.

encryption

Similar to how pictures can include watermarks to denote information on the owner of the picture,_________________ does the same to information content.

tag embedding

a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor for a limited period of time in exchange for the public disclosure of an invention.

Patent

a distinctive sign used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify the products or services to consumers.

Trademark

Industries and companies need to have information control especially in dealing with sensitive industry secrets. To protect these industry secrets, also called trade secrets, companies usually require employees to sign contracts with _____________.

non-disclosure agreements (NDAs)

Industry secrets is also known as...

trade secrets

the term used for any method, formula, device, process, or any information that gives the business a unique competitive advantage over its competition. It includes company research and development information, software algorithms, inventions, designs, formulas, ingredients, and devices, among others.

Trade secret

the relationship between the collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, and the legal and political issues surrounding them.

Information privacy

Information privacy is also known as...

Data privacy or Data protection

a law that seeks to protect all forms of information, be it private, personal, or sensitive. It is meant to cover both natural and juridical persons involved in the processing of personal information.

Data Privacy Act or RA 10173