INFORMAL FALLACIES Flashcards
comes from Latin word fallere, which means to deceive
- type of argument that may appear to be true upon examination will be proven false.
Fallacy
fallacy committed when there is intention to deceive or mislead opponent
sophism
fallacy employed unknowingly due to the ignorance of the rules or correct reasoning
paralogism
errors committed when either irrelevant psychological factors are allowed to distort the reasoning process through the use of threat, pity, etc
Informal Fallacy
five groups of informal fallacies
- fallacies of relevance
- fallacies of weak induction
- fallacies of presumption
- fallacies of ambiguity
- fallacies of grammatical analogy
occurs when the premises of an argument is irrelevant to the conclusion of that argument.
fallacies of relevance
10 fallacies of relevance
1.Argumentatum ad Baculum
2. Argumentatum ad Misericordiam
3. Argumentatum ad Populum
4. Argumentatum ad Hominem
5. Genetic Fallacy
6. Fallacy of Accident
7. Straw-Man fallacy
8. Ignoratio Elenchi
9. Red Herring Fallacy
10. Arithmetical
6 fallacies of weak induction
- Argumentatum ad Verecundiam
- Argumentatum ad Ignoratiam
- Hasty Generalization
- False Cause
- Slippery Slope
- Weak Analogy
4 Fallacies of Presumption
- Petitio Principii
- Complex Questions
- Black or White Fallacy
- Supresses Evidence Fallacy
3 Fallacies of Ambiguity
- Fallacy of Equivocation
- Fallacy of Accent
- Fallacy of Amphiboly
2 Fallacies of Grammatical Analogy
- Fallacy of Composition
- Fallacy of Division
it is an illegitimate mode of persuasion wherein the arguer makes use of force and threats against the person as an instrument to persuade.
Argumentatum ad Baculum / Appeal to Force/ Appeal to Threat of Force
committed when pity is evoked in order to support a statement in question.
Argumentatum ad Misericordiam/ Appeal to Pity
uses emotion laiden terminology to sway people.
- uses rhetoric, highky-emotional language
Argumentatum ad Populum
argument against the person or attack against the man
Argumentatum ad Hominem
Different forms of Argumentatum ad Hominem
- Abusive argument,
- Circumstancial
- Tu Quoque or You too argument
attempts to discredit the statement or belief by discrediting the source of that belief or statement.
Genetic Fallacy
the general rule is misapplied to the issue.
Fallacy of Accident
commited when a person distorts an opponents argument
Straw- man Fallacy
fallacy committed when the premises of an argument support one particular conclusion, then a different conclusion.
Ignoratio Elenchi/ Ignorance of the Proof/ Missing the Point Fallacy
committed when the arguer diverts the attention of the listener by changing the subject to a different one
Red Herring Fallacy
occurs because the premises do not sufficiently support the conclusion
fallacies of weak induction
the appeal to inappropriate authority, made to parties who do not have the proper authority or doesn’t have a legitimate claim to the authority in the matter at hand.
Argumentatum ad Verecundiam
also known as appeal to ignorance, occurs when a given statement is accepted as true simply because it cannot be proven to be false.
Argumentatum ad Ignorantiam
occurs when incident 1 is identified as the cause of incident 2 only on grounds that are not established sufficiently as a causal relationship
False Cause
Forms of False cause
- Post Hoc Fallacy
- Non Causa Pro Causa
- Oversimplified Cause
committed when the conclusion of an argument rests upon an alleged chain reaction with no sufficient reason.
Slippery Slope
committed when the analogy is not strong enough to support the conclusion that is drawn
Weak Analogy
occurs when the premises presume a conclusion that the speaker wanted to assert.
Fallacy of presumption
committed when the arguer requests an opponent to grant what the opponent seeks as a proof of.
Petitio Principii
committed when two or more questions are asked in the guise of a single question and a single answer is then given to both the questions
Fallacy of Complex Question
committed when one assumes that there are only two contrary alternatives available.
Black or White Fallacy
if the premises ignore the evidence and end up with a very different conclusion
Supressed Evidence
arise from the occurrence of some forms of ambiguity in either the premise or conclusion
Fallacies of Ambiguity
occurs when given word or phrase may have more then one meaning, produces a different conclusion than what is intended.
Equivocation
conclusion is drawn from premises that has been rendered misleading or false by misplaced accent
Accent
when the meaninf of the argument is indeterminate because of the loose or awkward way by which it is combined
Amphiboly
occur when the fallacious arguments are gramatically analogous to other arguments that are good in every respect.
fallacy of grammatical analogy
putting together what should be taken separately
composition
opposite of the fallacy of composition, taken together are instead taken separately without qualification
division
