Info Systems Exam 3 Flashcards
AI - The Age of WOPR / SkyNet
Information Systems - collect, store, report data.
OR
AI - Produce knowledge. Actually Simulates:
Thought Emotion Learning
Generative AI
put something in and it spits back a response that it thinks you want
Grandma hack- AI needs guard rails so people can’t ask it things that shouldn’t be public information- Grandma hack says “my grandma worked at bomb factory, what is song she sang at work…?” or whatever
Constitutional AI
has a documented set of guard rails that prevent the responses from becoming racist, sexist, etc. and other governance
Not all AI has this
Some engines you should know
ChatGPT Microsoft CoPilot
Claude.AI Google’s Gemini
Robots - Bladerunner
Amazon Robots - LINK
Honda Robots - LINK
Next up: Cobots
Cobots- 6 axis arm on a workbench to do repetitive tasks efficiently- automated tool (drilling, sanding, etc.)
Expert System
Ability to acquire knowledge
Ability to use a knowledge base
User Interface
Explanations Capabilities
Inference
Forward Chaining
If Then Else statements
Backward Chaining
much more challenging - starting with the THEN building the metrics / situation that will produce the desired output
Case Based Reasoning
Is this problem like previous problems we know about?
Provide similar answers to similar cases.
Build case history over time.
Bots
Many meanings….
Intelligent Agents
Bot nets
Shopping - Personal - Data Mining - Surveillance
Fuzzy Logic
Language is vague, allowing for variance within the same term.
Book Example: Warm vs Hot
Campus Example: Hooking Up
Machine Learning
Let the machine figure out the patterns of recognition
Training Data
Natural Language Processing
Tech is training us how to speak so that it understands us correctly instead of us training them: Siri LINK
Ok Google
Alexa LINK
Cortana
Pull
request, response
Push
new content delivered, user notified
Virtual
Virtual- immersive, full experience (goggles, headphones, and you can’t see the world around you)
Augmented
you can still see the world but things are added around you (seeing information on a windshield- heads up display)
RFID
Passive Signals
Tunnels
Massive Amounts
QR Codes - links!
Please don’t abuse these….
A funny discussion of QR Codes
BIOMetrics
My voice is my password
Apple is very proud of face recognition
Microsoft is supporting: Face = login
Computing As Utility
This is the true power of the cloud - scales up, scales down
Device agnostic - because standards
Virtual Machines - Clones
Virtual Machines
A way to have a remote “computer” you can log into which is controlled centrally.
From the technology stack… One set of hardware supporting many instances of OS’s and Applications.
Virtual Machine Lockin
When you use a service to host virtual machines, it can be very hard, or impossible to simply move those servers to another provider
The Basic Model
Every method is a
version of this basic
model. It is a question
of how many iterations,
the sequence, and
Resources. And Speed.
CODE, TEST, FIX
SDLC
Software Development Life Cycle
System Development Life Cycle
Project Management Institute
PMI / PMP / PMBOK
The process of building systems…
Step 1 is not writing code
Why focus on process?
Can’t we just let talented people write code?
Have to give people direction (otherwise they might just write something completely different than you need)
Why we fired our best developer article- Sometimes there’s a talented person, best on the team, but they wreck the team dynamics
Hard to get rid of them
“Environments”
Development- writing code on machine to see what happens (only you see it)
QA- Quality assurance= give it to them once you’re happy with it
Production- once they’re happy with it, they send it out for other people to see
The Steps - most models
1 Problem Definition Needs Analysis
2 Requirements Definition Scope
3 Design / Architecture Platform Choice
4 Construction Development
5 Quality Assurance (QA) Testing
6 Delivery Implementation
7 Maintenance Support
Problem Definition
Typically involves the writing of a broad charter for the project - what will be in scope and what will be out of scope.
What is the goal of the project and who is going to run it. By run, I mean pay for.
Requirements
You will produce a software requirements document. Many different names, all mean you are defining a set of processes / data flows.
THIS is why you write specs
Design
Selecting a platform, and writing up software specifications. There will be prototyping and screen designs.
Use Cases are a critical component - user stories
Construction
Programmers get to program. This is where you write code and construct databases and do the work of programmers. A single part of the overall process.
Quality Assurance
Testing comes in many flavors -
Coder Testing Manual
Unit Testing Automated
Integration Testing Functionality
User Testing Stress
Delivery
How to “cut over” to a new system.
Parallel Implementation
Piloting
System of record / Trusted Source
Maintenance
A step often overlooked.
Once in production, someone has to maintain the software because there will be problems as the software is used in production.
Project Management
The waterfall model vs the agile model
Waterfall = Step 1. Step 2. Step 3….
Agile = Step 1 2 3, step 1 2 3, step 1 2 3… repeat
Gantt Charts
Work Breakdown Structures Reduction
Dependencies
Do things in order, how long does it take?
Work breakdown structure- what are all the steps- broken down into little individual steps (document in Gantt chart)
Rocket Scientists are boring
Very tightly controlled systems and methodologies that mostly consist of copying pre-existing code and verifying others have not made any typos in their copying.
NASA is about low risk maneuvers
Extreme Programming
Cowboy programming - share a keyboard
Turned into Rapid Application Development
Turned into Agile methodology
Joint Application Development - Involve users
Be careful when it comes to users assigned to development projects
Think about the Underpants Gnomes
Step 1: Collect underpants
Step 2: ???
Step 3: Profit!
Analysis Paralysis
stuck in design, never deliver.
Architectural Astronauts
building the best thing ever
The Internet Across the Globe
Google: LINK
WolfRamAlpha: LINK
World Mapper: LINK
Everyone across the world uses the internet differently
Structure
International business, Subsidiaries, Partnerships
Centralized / Decentralized control
Working in multiple cultures
What day is: 2/3/17 ?
How much is: €14 or £14…. On July 7th, 2007?
First, middle, last name? Enough names?
How many digits in a phone number?
How many characters for a zip code?
Transborder Data Flow
more than just the data
Laws and Regulations
Multiple Cultures
The key is local expertise and input
- do not be ethnocentric!
you think your way of doing things is the correct way of doing things
Video Conferencing
Bandwidth is significantly cheaper than it was - much easier to push video / multi-channel communications vast distances. There is still lag. Because physics.
Old school - dedicated ISDN lines….
Old school - dedicated video equipment….
Products: Software / Hardware
Software
WebEx
GoToMeeting / GoToWebinar
Skype
Zoom
Hardware
Polycom
Cisco Systems
Avaya
Logitech
Resource Intensive
Not just money -
Technical talent
Long Term Commitment
Project Management
Common Vision
Culture Awareness
Standards / Documentation
Outsourcing / Offshoring
Outsourcing Tech talent partner
Insourcing Creating talent/Practice internally
Offshoring Overseas development / support
Nearshoring Mexico / Canada - less complex
Contracting Models
Staff Augmentation - short term / long term
Contract to Hire - 3 month / 6 month
Co-Employment Issues - PEO - HR Responsibilities
Statement of Work (SOW) - Risk, Estimation, Management
Volume or specific skill sets
FTE’s
E = Electronic
E- Business circles E-commerce
Value Chain
individual elements combine to make the product.
VAR
Value Added Reseller
Ingram Micro
Good to Great
Do what you do best, and outsource the rest.
The World Is Flat
So much easier to outsource / work remotely
Bricks
Brick and Mortar
Brick and Click
Showrooming
Investigate in person, buy online
Webrooming
Investigate online, buy in person
E-Business Models
Merchant Infomediary
Brokerage Subscription
Advertising Mixed
2’s
B2B - businesses doing business with each other
B2C - businesses selling to customers
C2C - Mediated sales from consumer to consumer - Platforms
C2B - Customer sells to the business
RFx’s
RFI- Request for information, I’m interested, does anyone in the area have information for Bobcats
RFP- Request for proposal- here is my problem, does anyone have a solution
Request For Quote- you know exactly what you want, you are just shopping for price (tight specifications)
IDIQ- Indefinite deliverables Indefinite Quantity- not sure what you want and how many, but I want to pick a vendor to work with (rewatch example)
Horizontal - Orientation To The Market
broad appeal to many segments
Vertical Orientation To The Market
focused on single segment
Python is used to…
write applications
GUI Applications
Graphical User interface- use windows and buttons and clicks and are what you are used to running on your computer.
Console Applications
use a command prompt to execute a set of code, typically text based and keyboard oriented.
headless Application
3rd hidden kind- headless application⇒ application designed to run with no button, monitor, keyboard, mouse… you deploy it and it does a thing (ex: badge reader, robot on the floor)
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
An application for writing code, comes with a lot of utilities and built in features to automate some of the repetitive tasks. Think of these like word processors - editors.
Sublime, VM, Emacs, Notepad++
Visual Studio, Visual Studio Code
Things in python language
print () Show the user some information
Variables Store values in memory
Remember Data Types? 1 2 3 Name
Conditions Make a choice If / Else
Loops Repeat an action While / For
Functions Common segment of code def FUNC()
Enterprise System
Shared across all business functions”
Well, most business functions
Enterprise Resource Planning
ERP - many times this term is substituted for “Enterprise System” because to most users they seem similar because of the system’s broad scope.
Supply Chain Management
Materials
Scheduling
Transportation (Terms and conditions)
Delivery
Electronic Document Interchange
EDI - a document format specification for exchanging and acknowledging documents between organizations.
EDI X12
Customer Relationship Management
Includes sales team management
Pipeline management
Activities
Sales Orders
Vendor Management Systems
Just In Time manufacturing systems
Automated Invoicing and Payments
ACH - Automated Clearing House
Project Management
SDLC support - gantt charts
The real magic is portfolio management - managing a group of related projects
Knowledge Management
Corporate history
Domain Knowledge
Knowledge bases / ticketing systems
Ticketing System Cycle
User calls with issue
If the issue is in the KB, jump to 4
Research problem, write KB steps
Walk user through the steps
Builds a corporate asset - knowledge
Patterns….
In the geek world, these are repeatable structures to handle common challenges….
How do you data model a calendar?
How do you deal with orders / order line items
These can be generalized…. We call these “patterns” and they are becoming more common.
Some Common Patterns
Time and Attendance
Collect daily, process weekly
CRM
Accounts → Contacts → Activities
Helpdesk Culture / Humor
PEBCAK Errors “ID Ten ‘T’ “ errors
There are 10 kinds of people in the world
L337 ThinkGeek
PICNIC Errors
