Info Flashcards
Nuclides having the same mass number but diff atomic number
Isobar
It is not possible to fix simultaneously the momentum and position of an electron
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Nuclides or element having the same proton but diff neutron/atomic mass
Isotope
Anyone of more than 2500 spp of atoms characterized by no. of proton and neutron in the nucleus
Nuclide
Diff forms of the same element existing in the same physical state
Allotropes
Ex Carbon phosphorus
One that does not combine w/ O2 below red heat
Noble gas
One that combines with oxygen even below red heat
Base metal
No two electron may be described by the same set of values for the four quantum number
Pauli’s exclusion principle
The progressive buolding up of electronic configuration
Aufbau principle
Is the process of losing one or more electron by cheml or physical means
Ionization
The electron in the outermost shell of an atom resp for its cheml behavior
Valence electron
Kulang valence no.
Is the energy required for the removal of the least energy electron
Ionization potential
States that the properties of elements are periodic fnxns of their atomic no.
Periodic law
Grp IA aka
Alkali metal
Grp II A aka
Alkaline earth metal
Grp III A
Aluminum or boron family
Grp IV A
Carbon family
Grp V A
Nitrogen family
Grp VI
Sulfur family
Grp VII A
Halogen
Grp VIIIA
Noble or inert
Grp IB
Coinage
Grp II B
Zinc
Grp IIIB
Scandium
Grp IVB
Titanium
Grp VIB
Chromium
Grp VIIB
Manganese
Grp VIIIB
Iron cobalt nickel
Set the probability limits w/in w/c an electron can be found
4 quantum number
Grp IB to VIII B are known as
Transition metals
Elements from atomic nos. 58-89 (57-71) belongs to
Lanthanide grp
“Rare earth elements”
Elements from atomic nos. 90-105 (89-103)
Actinide grp
Metalloids are…
B Si Ge As Sb Te
Ionic bonding is usually found in assoc bet
Metallic strongly electro+ elements and nonmetallic strongly electro- elements
Attractive forces that occurs bet certain type of mole
H bonding
These are very weak electrical force; virtually the only attractive forces bet non polar mole
Van der waals
Covalent interaction but both e of the bond arise from a single orbital on one atoms forming the bond
Coordinate covalent bond
-Between complex
Donor spp-provides e
Acceptor spp- electron deficient (metal)
Inclusion cmpds w/c are formed by the envelopment of a mole of a guest cmpd in the cage-like hollow space by the combi of mole
Clathrates
Grps w/c occupy more than one coordination position in a complex and forms a ring w/ the central ion
Chelates
An ion formed by the combi of a simplw ion either w/ another ion or w/ a mole
Complexation
-to become drug less active
Coordination of a metal with a polydentate ligand; the complex may formed by :ppt of metal
Chelation
Is the study of specialized cmpds involving metallic elements
Coordination chemistry
Grp w/c combines w/ the central atom by any type of bonding; donates e to the central atom
Ligand
Type of bonding bet metal and ligand can be….
Electrostatic or covalent
Max. no. Of atoms or grps w/c can combine in the coordination sphere w/ the central atom
Coodination no.
Suppression of property or rxn of a metal w/o removal of that metal from the system or phase by any process of pption or extraction and is usually accomplished by chelation
Sequestration
HNCO
Isocynanic acid
HOCN
Cynanic acid
Attraction of neutral atom for electron
Electronegativity
Inc from left to right
Bottom to top
FLUORINE
Abilityto lose e
Electropositivity
Dec from left to right
Inc top to bottom
CESIUM
Isolated from liq H2 by frac’l distilation or by electrolysis of deuterim oxide (heavy water)
Deuterium
Tritium emits…
Beta particle
Prepared by bombarding beryllium w/ dueterous
Tritium
Preservative of H2O2
Acetanilide
Temporary hardenss in water
Bicarbonates
Permanent hardness in water
Sulfates and chlorides
Preservative in bacteriostatic water for inj
Benzyl alc
Used for cmpounding small volumes of parenterals for IM inj
Bacterios. Water for inj
No antimicrobial; for extemporaneous cmpounding of parenterals for IM or IV
Sterile water for inj
Antidote for phosphorus and cyanide poisoning
H2O2
Used exclusively in production of ammonia
Haber’s process
CsCl
Cesium chloride
Used in density gradient centrifugation
Diluted NaOCl: addition of sufficient amt of NaHCO3 to prevent coloration w/ excess phenolpthalein
Modified Dakin’s soln
Contains 4-6% w/w NaOCl
Dakins soln
NaOCl diluted w/ an equal amt in vol of water
Labarraque’s soln
Acts as catalyst for the storage and release of iron
Copper
An index to det. the protective power of colloids
Gold number
Zsigmondy
Gold dust or free gold
Nuggets
Lightest of all structurally useful metal
Mg
Antidote for Mg poisoning
Ca gluconate
Antidote for Ba
MgSO4
Metasilicates of Be w/ Al and Cr
Emerald
Cu + Zn
Brass
Tx for Zn poisoning
NaHCO3
Most abundant to all metals
Al
3rd most abundant element following O2 and Si
Al
Be-Al-Cr
Emerald
Al-Cr
Rubies
Al-Co
Sapphire
Al-Cu
Turquoise
Al poisoning (name)
Shaver’s dse
Soft coal; black or sometimes dark-brown ; C is 60-80%
Butiminuos
Hard coal; black; C is 92.1-98%
Anthracite
Pb + Sn
Pewler 20:80
Cu + Sn
Gunmetal
Pb + Sn
Solder 50:50
Characterized by hypervitaminosis D and lack of phosphate reabs.
Hypophospatemia
Are cheml cmpds containing elements of high atomic no w/c will stop the passage of xrays. Thus penetrate to soft tissue
Radiopaque contrast media
Involves the use of xrays or roentgen rays w/c are short wavelength electromagnetic radiation and can pass tru most soft tissues but cant pass trough bones and teeth
Radiology
Roentgenology
A white powder w/c is insoluble in water and is used for GIT roentgenographic examination
Barium sulfate, barium meal, esophotrast
Designed to visualuze gall bladder
Iopanoic Acid USP
A non invasive methods to dx simply and more scientific
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
Used as bone replacement for temporary braces of long bones ; to close an opening in the skull
Tantalum
It reacts slighlty w/ body fluids;
Silver
An insol AgCl as the principal product is not a serious threat
Used for dental filling. (Radiopaque materials)
Mercury amalgams of gold and silver
Zinc eugenol cement is also used
Radiopharmls are
Emits beta and gamma radiation
Concentrated in specific manner in organs and cell
Can eliminated from the body
Decay products are of low toxicity
Frequently employed in the conversion of drugs to cheml forms convenient to their product fmlation
Acids and bases
PH range 5.8-8 greatest buffer capacity: 6.7 ; used in ophthalmic drugs
Sorensen phosphate buffer
Conposition of Sorensen phosphate buffer
Na acid phosphate and disodium phosphate in purified water w/ NaCl to become isotonic
Composed of boric acid and sodium carbonate w/ KCl in purified water
Gifford’s buffer
Composed of boric acid and sodium carbonate w/ NaCl in purified water
Atkin’s and pantin buffer
Composed of boric acid and sodium borate w/ NaCl in purified water
Feldman’s Buffer
Dec. coefficient of expansion in pyrex products
Boron
Gives brown light resistant glass
Potassium
+ Boron in amber
Inc refractive index of glass
Lead
Glass that contains sodium silicates tends to….
Produce NaOh that inc alkalinity in drugs
Materials that soften gradually over a temp rather than melting sharply
Vitreous material
Glass that uses water attack test
Type II
% of HCl in gastric fluid (normal)
0.2%
Used to treat achlorhydria
Acidifying agent
Al and Mg OH should be buffer at
4-6 pH
Owes it germicidal activity to both oxidizing and chlorinating activity
Hypochlorous acid
CHON pptant w/c results to contraction of tissues and later on wrinkling
Astringents
Includes styptics, antiperspirant, deodorants
Aromatic spirit of ammonia is prepared from…
Ammonium carbonate, strong ammonia soln, various aromatic oils
Alc and water
ex of physiological antidote
NaNO2
Converts hmg to methmg
Ex of cheml antidote
Na2S2O3
Reacts w/ CN to produce cyanate
Ex of mechanical antidote
Act charcoal
Compo of soda lime
CaOH NaOH/ KOH w/ diatomaceous earth to yield hard nonfriable product
Must be dissolve 1st in the stomach to exert laxative acxn
MOM
For colonic investigation
Enema
Enema PEG 3350 and electrolytes (what are the electrolytes)
NaHCO3
NaCl
Na2SO4
KCl
Accomplish oral colonic lavage in prepn for a barium enema or a colonospic examination
Peg3350 and electrolytes for oral soln
Compo of fleet enema
Sodium phosphate enema USP
Dibasic and monobasic Sodium phosphate or dibasic sodium phosphate and phosphoric acid in water
pH 5-5.8
Sterile soln that after cheml rxn bet citric acid and other 2 compo are completed that the resulting soln is sterilized
Irrigating soln
Ex citric acid , magnesium oxide, sodium carbonate irrigation
Essential ion
Consti of Hmg
Fe
Essential ion
Consti of T3 and T4
I2
Essential ion
Consti of insulin, carbonic anhydrase, lactic dehydrogenase
Zn
Essential ion
For the fmtion of hmg and consti of oxides enzymes (tyrosinase)
Cu
Essential ion
Cofactor of a no. of enzyme like arginase, carboxylase & kinases
Mn
Essential ion
Consti of CHON , mucopolysacc., heparin, biotin, thiamine, lipoic acid
S
Essential ion
Involved in CHO utilization
Cr
Essential ion
Consti of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase
Mo
Essential ion
Consti of factor 3 acts w/ vit E to prevent liver necrosis
Se
Time rate at w/c atoms undergo radioactive disintegration
Decay rate
Radioactive subs used for dx and tx of dses
Radiopharmaceuticals
Unstable isotopes w/c undergo random decomposition or decay w/ the emission of certain particle or quantities of the particular isotope involved
Radioactive isotopes or radio isotopes
Decay particle
Negative charged spp having the mass of an electron
Alpha and beta
Decay particle
Has no mass or no charge but w/ high energy
Gamma particle
Process whereby a type of radiation similar ti gamma rays is seen in the emission of xrays.
K capture
Metal w/ the lowest density
Li
Most reactive of element
K
Property that absorbs moisture when expose to atmosphere and dissolve in it
Deliquescent
Production of NH4
Haber’s process
Acts as catalyst for the storage and rel of Fe
Cu
Color of bottle of MOM
Blue
To enhance white color
Lightest of all structurally useful metal
Mg
Antidote for Hg
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate
Most abundant of all metals
Al
Grp wherein lanthanide and actinide belongs
Grrp IIIb
The gem amethyst, agate, onyx, opal are
Silica (SiO2)
Azote
N2 mephitic air
St elmo’s fire
Phosphorus
Poisonous P
Yellow and white
-ozone like odor, garlic
Nontoxic red
Antidote for As
If in GIT Fe(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
If absorbed- BAL
Antidote for Bi
BAL
Empyreal air/ dephlogisticated air
O2
-acid former
Crystal form of sulfur
Sublimed S
Flower of S
(Used internally)
Amorphous form of S
very fine particles -Ppted S
Used externally as scabicide- milk of S
Catalyst in N2 determination
SeS2
What differentiates arsenite to arsenate and what are its compo?
Magnesia mixture
5.5gMg(Cl)2 , 7g NH4Cl, 35mL NH4 TS
Sea salt producer other name
Halogen fam
Halogens give green color to what test?
Beiltein test
Yellowish gas
F
-most reactive and electronegative element
Best oxidizing agent among halogens
F
Dephlogisticated muriatic acid
Cl
Greenish yellow gas w/ suffocatibg odor
Cl
Dark reddish fuming liq w/ suffocating odor
Br
Color of Br @ CCl4
Orange/ yellowish
Color of Br in water
Reddish brown
Color of Iodine in polar solvents
Reddish brown
Color of Iodine in nonpolar solvents
Violet
Product of radioactive decay whereas Rhenium is practically rare
Tc
Hydrated manganous salts are color
Pink
Anhydrated manganous salts are color
White
Manganates are color
Green
Permanganates are color
Deep purple violet
Pinkish white metal
Co
Hydrated Co is color
Pinkish
Anhydrous Co is color
Blue
Thenard’d blue aka
Cobalt metaaluminatee
Used in prepn of crucibles, dishes and platinum wires
Pt
More expensive than Au
% of MnO4 as antimicrobial
0.02%
Applied to 0.015-0.1% soln
% of Cl in strong I2 soln
5%
Ferrous salts are color ___ in hydrated state
Green
White-anhydrous
Ferric salts are color ___ in hydrated state
Yellow to brown
Vary in color- anhydrous state
Antacids that cause rebound hyperacidity
NaHCO3
CaCO3
DOC to combat systemic acidosis
NaHCO3
Both Fe and Cu are found in ___ resp enzyme
Cytochrome oxidase
Softest mineral
Talc
Subs w/c takes up water or moisture but does not dissolve
Hygroscopic
Ion that gives a turnbull’s blue ppt w/ potassium ferricyanide
Ferrous
Forms white ppt w/ HCl but blackens upon addition of ammonium hydoxide
Hg
Native of hydrous magnesium silicate
Talc
Ion that gives a white pot w/ HCl w/c is sol in excess NH4OH but reprecitated upon addition of HNO3
Ag
In the cation analysis, grp1 ions are often called
Insol chlorides
Blood coloration w/ CNS but a blue ppt w/ hexacyanoferrate (II)
Fe+3
Radiopharml for thyroid fnxn
Sodium iodide I-125
Sum of proton and neutrons of an atom
Mass number
Cu imparts a characteristics ___ color to nonluminous flame
Emerald green
Element that is poisonous even in free metal form
Hg
Ion that often shows expectorant acxn is
I2
Synonym for mottled enamel
Dental flourosis
Too much flouride is present in the tissue fluid
Grignard rgt usually contain
Mg
To stop the acxn of bromine
Ammonia water
Chronic condition resembling to tb in sx
Silicosis
Used as antioxidant in hydroiodic acid and ferrous iodide syrup
Hypophosphorus acid
Positive w/ brown ring test but no visible rxn w/ dilute sulfuric acid
NO3
Zn, Mg, Co uranyl acetates form insol salts w/
Na
Conc of Bi used as oint
30%
Considered to be the most sensitive test for nitrates w/c utilizes diphenylamine and sulfuric acid, resulting to blue color at the interface of the twol liq
Lunge’s test
Continued use of H2O2 as mouth wash may cause
Hairy tounge
Mg ion is detected using this dye in alkaline soln
P-nitrobenzeneazoresorcinol
Variety of sulfur that resembles to rubber and is insol in Carbon disulfide
Plastic sulfur
Conc of selsan sulfide in selsun blue shampoo
2.5%
Metallic or black P is heating P w/
Pb
Rhodamine-B w/ Sb in the presence ofHCl gives
Violet ppt
Borates in turmeric paper is colored
Orange to red
Flash light powders are mixture of Potassium chlorate or barium peroxide and
powdered magnesium
Carbon dioxide absober
Soda lime
A few drops of this test soln added to an acidified soln of nitrile liberates free iodine
Potassium iodide
Dimethylglyoxime rgt is specific for
Ni
Strontium chloride
Desensitizing agent
Element w/c is a by-product of fractionation of liq air for the production of O2 and N2
Argon
Ammonium carbonate “sal volatile” contains how many % of ammonium by wt
30-34%
Bordeaux mixture is composed of
Sulfates and oxides
Compo of K triplex
K acetate
K bicarb
K citrate
Red soln containing 1% of arsenic triiodide and 1% of mercuric iodide
Pearson’s soln
Anticonv used in the tx of eclampsia
MgSO4 inj
Indicator w/c is colorless in an acid and orange in an alkaline medium
Trinitrobenzene
Anion that produced a canary yellow ppt w/ (NH4)2C2O4
PO4
Molecular cmpd of two salts of one kind of acid
Double salt
Color of barium ion to the flame test
Apple green
