Influenza And Other Viral Respiratory Dieseases Flashcards
Describe the microbiology and pathogenesis of influenza
RNA virus in the orthomyxoviridae family
—Influenza A has hemagglutinin (binds Salic acid cell receptors) and Neuroaminidase( degrades the receptors of allows virus to be released into cell)
—H Ab=immunity, N Ab=limit spread
—acquired= aerosolized respiratory secretions of acutely I’ll individual, hand-to-hand, etc.
—viral shedding stops b/w 2-5 day after disease onset
Describe the epidemiology of Influenza A?
—winter months in temperate climates; being abruptly, peak over 2-3 was, last 2-3 months
—pandemics causes by antigenic shifts
—epidemics causes by antigenic drifts
Classification SX of the influenza.
Abrupt onset of headache, ever, chills, myalgia, malaise in the setting of respiratory symptoms (cough and sore throat)
Complications of influenza?
More common among pt <5 and > 65 yo, pregnant Women, and pt w/ chronic disorders
Pneumonia: least common but most severe (pt w/ mitral stenosis, and pregnant women)
—secondary bacterial pneumonia- s. Pneumonia, s. Aureus, h. Influenza= reappearance of fever, and respiratory symptoms after 2-3 yes of clinical improvement
Extrapulmonary complications: Reye’s syndrome, myositis, rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria and CHS disease ( encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, etc)
Laboratory Findings for Influenza?
Reverse-transcription PCR of respiratory samples (threat swabs, nasopharyngeal washes, sputum)
TX of Influenza
Normal rest and fluids
If started within 2 day of illness due to susceptible virus= neuramindiase inhibitor, oseltamivir, and zanamivir
Prophylaxis of Influenza
Annual vaccination
—generated from influenza A and B viruses that have circulated during the previous season and whose circulation during the upcoming yr is predicted
—Recommended for all individuals >6 months of age
Chemoprophylaxis is reserved for individual at high rises of complications ( give with vaccination)
Describe the microbiology, epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Dx, and RX for rhinovirus?
-non-enveloped, ssRNA virus in the family Picornaviridea
-spread by direct contact with infected secretions, usually respiratory droplets
-incubation period 1-2 days, pt develop rhinorrhea ,sneezing, nasal congestion and sore throat that last for 4-9 days
-Dx: not attempted
Rx: limited to symptom relief ( antihistamines, decongestants)
Describe the microbiology, epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Dx, and RX for Coronavirus?
-pleomorphic, SS-RNA virus
-indication periodically is 3 day and duration of illness is 6-7 days
* SARS
Dx: ELISA if indicated
Rx: symptom relief
Describe the microbiology, epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Dx, and RX for human Respiratory syncytial Virus?
-enveloped, ssRNA vies and a member of the family paramyxoviridae
—major among young children (2-3 months) w/ lower respiratory disease
-transmitted via contact with contaminated fingers or forties and spread of coarse aerosols
-indication period 4-6 days
-Sx: rhinorrhea, low-grade fever, cough and wheezing
—20-40%=> L RTIs- pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and tracheobronchitis
-20-80% fatality rate on transplant pts
Dx: immnofluoresecence, ELISA
RX: symptom-base, aerosolized ribavirin for infants (severe)
____________ may be administrated monthly to prevent HRSV in children < 2 yo who have bronchopneumonia Ray dysphasia or cyanosis heart disease or premature?
Palivizumab
Describe the microbiology, epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Dx, and RX for Human Metapneumonia?
-pleomorphic, ssRNA virus of the family paramyxoviridea
—similar to HRSV
Dx: immunofluorescence, PCR, or tissue culture
TX: primarily supportive and symptoms-bases
Describe the microbiology, epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Dx, and RX for Parainfluenza Virus?
—enveloped, ssRNA virus of the family paramyxoviridae ranks second only to HRSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract dies ease among young children and most common cause of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)
—Dx: Tissue culture, rapid testing wi/ immunofluorescene or ELISA
Rx: symptom-bases
—croup w/ respiratory distress- epinephrine and glucorticoirds are beneficial
Describe the microbiology, epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Dx, and RX for adenoviruses?
DsDNA viruses
—Sx: acute Upper and lower RTI and outrank of pharyngoconjectival fever (fever, B/L conjunctivitis, sore throat and cervical adenopathy typically types 3 and 7)
Rx: supportive
How do you differentiate between viral and bacterial pneumonia?
Procalcitonin- calcitonin precursor that becomes elevated in proinflammatory stimuli , especially those bacterial in origin
