Influenza and one Health Flashcards
How does segmentation of a virus allow for a disease to emerge more often?
If facilitates reassortment of the genome with other genomes from other animals
What are the three different types of influenza?
- A and B cause yearly epidemics in the winter
- C causes little if any harm to humans
- Only A causes pandemics; most dangerous to humans
What is the standard naming convention for naming Influenza viruses?
What serves as antibody targets on the surface of the cell?
Three surface proteins:
* hemagluttinin (HA)
* neuraminidase (NA)
* M2 ion channel
What structure on the surface of the cell is an important target for drug and vaccine development?
Hemagglutinin (HA)- a glycoprotein and trimer principle surface antigen.
responsible for both:
1. attachment of virus to host surface;
dictates:
* host restriction- relates to infectivity
* tissue tropism- relates to virulence
- release of viral RNA into cell
dictates:
* where virus replicates- relates to virulence
How does the timecourse of Influenza infectivity?
The infectious period manifests before clinical signs of illness.
What determines the specificity of the influenza virus?
Hemagglutinin (HA) does. it attaches to sialic acid linked glycoprotein receptors enabling entry via endocytosis
What are some of the complications from Influenza?
Pnemonia
Reyes syndrome
Myocarditis
What do neuraminidase inhibitors do?
Like tamiflu, it blocks neuramididase preventing newly produced, surface sialic acid-bound virions from being released.
Why did H1N1 become a pandemic?
we had no existing immunity to it
What are the requirements for a pandemic flu?
- A new virus must emerge against which the population has little or no immunity
- It must be able to replicate and cause disease in humans
- It must be readily transmissible between humans
Why is it difficuly for humans to be infected with avian flu (H5N1)?
The infection is more in the lower respiratory track so it is more difficult for it to spread than if it were in upper respiratory track. It has to be with where the resceptors are. This is opposed to H1N1 which is more easily spread in URT (but less fatal)
What are the stages through which animal pathogens evolve to cause disease confined to humans?
What is One Health?
Explain an ecoloigcal perspective on the connections among human health, animal health, and ecosystem health.
What are the environmental determinants of ID?
