Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Bio > Inflammatory Stress > Flashcards

Inflammatory Stress Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is inflammation

A

A localized response to injury or infection that leads to the activation of immune-system cells and their recruitment to the affected sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are two main integral components of the host’s defense system

A

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is inflammations associated with

A

The release of pro-inflammatory factors from immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the signs of inflmations

A

Heat Redness swelling and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of a pathogen or damage apperance in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do innate immune cells recognize

A

Pathogen invasion or cell damage with intracellular or surface receptors including Toll-like receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are innate immune cells in tissues

A

Macrophages and dendtric cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are circulation innate immune cells

A

leukocytes monocytes and neutrophills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do these receptors detect

A

Directly or indirectly pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are PAMPs

A

microbial nucleic acids, lipoprotiens and carbodhydrates or damage associate molecular patterns (DAMPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do these cells do

A

All these cells as well as fibroblasts and mast cells screte mutiple molecules (mediators) which mediate different aspects of the inflmmatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do dendtric cells do

A

Recognize and ingest pathogens and coordiante the activity of many different types of immune cells by relasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to recruit them to site of infection of immediate protection and by serving as antigen-presenting cells to adaptive immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do neutrophills and macrophages do

A

Recruited to sites of inflammation are directly involved in killing invading pathogens; accumulation of dead leucocytes including neutrophils eventually leads to the presence of pus at the site of the infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do the majority of innate immune cells express

A

Cell-surface receptors which recognize and are activated by broad classes of microbial molecules deemed PAMPS and TLR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can we use to measure and detect inflmmation

A

Pro-inflammatory molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 most common cytokines

A

Tumor necrosis factor TNF-a
interleukins IL-1B
IL-6
all markers of inflammatory stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What plays an essential role in conjunction with most common pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

nuclear factor kB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What was discovered in the adult fly

A

Toll signaling induces the expression of several host-defense mechanisms including antimicrobial peptise which is critical for defense agianst gram positve bacteria and fungal pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are homologs of Toll where were they found and how many are there

A

Toll like receptors found in other animals associated with resistance to viral bacterial and fungal infection best characterized cell surface recports that interact with PAMP and DAMP 13 TLRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three domains of TLR

A

Extracellular domain- leucine rich repeats forms a sickled shaped and is involved in ligand recognition binds to microbial lipopolysaccharides, cell wall and nucleic acids
Cytoplasmic domain - contains specific subdomains TIRs which are responsible for the recuitment of six adapter protiens cytoplasmic tail binds MyD88- TIR TIR interacations
Transmembrane domain

21
Q

What is the second domain of MyD88

A

Death domain which is responsible for recruiting IRAK4 and IRAK 2 they also have DD domains these domains can bind to each other through DD interactations MyD88-DD/DD-IRAK
This occurs as a result of TLR activation this then phosphorylates downstream signalling molecules leading to release of active transcrpition factor NF-kb and trasncription of pro-inflammatory genes

22
Q

What are the two categories of microbial ligands

A

pathogen derived cell wall components (lipids, protiens, glycans) and pathogen derivednucleic acids

23
Q

What do the TLR 1, 2 ,4 ,5 ,6

A

Cell surface receptors and serve a sensors for microbed present and they recognize specefic components of pathogen eneveloope/cell wall

24
Q

What do TLR3,7,8,9,13 do

A

Located intracellulary in the membrane of endosomes they detect RNA and DNA components of degraded pathogens that have been taken into cells by phagocytosis

25
Q

What activates the dimers of TLRS

A

Various ligands, lipoteichoic acid and diacyl and triacyl lipoproteins

26
Q

Where is Nf-kB found

A

Promoter region of the inflammatory response genes: inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, COX-2, cytochrome p450 and HSP90, adhesion

27
Q

What is COX-2

A

Inflammatory response gene thought to be responsible for much of the increased prostaglandind production at inflammatory sites target of many anti-inflammatory drugs

28
Q

What is prostaglandins

A

Hormone like compounds which have important effects on local blood flow and perception of pain ADVIL inhibits COX enzymes

29
Q

What is the COX-2 gene highly dependent on

A

NG-Kb activation

30
Q

What are three famileies that central for NF-kb signaling

A
  1. Nf-kb/Rel family of transcription factors 2. IkB inhibitor protiens
  2. I-kB protein kinases (IKK)
31
Q

what is NF-kb REL family composed of

A

Five related transcription factors RElA/p65 RElB c-rel NFkb1 p50/p105 and NF-kB2 p52/p100

32
Q

What are the similarties of the transcription factors in the NF-kb/Rel family

A

Share a N terminal DNA binding domain and the dimerization domain RHD can form homodimers and hetrodimers that regulate the expression of genese influencing a broad range of biological processes

33
Q

What can NF-kB dimers bind to

A

Variety of releated target DNA sequences called kB sites to modulate gene expression

34
Q

What do RelB c-REL and p65 contain

A

C-terminal transcription activation domainds TAD which enable co-activator recruitment and target gene expression

35
Q

What do p50 p52 lack

A

TAD and only activate transcription by forming heterodimers with p65 c-REl or RelB or by recruiting other TAD contaning protiens

36
Q

What can p50, p52 do

A

Repress transcription on binding to DNA

37
Q

What is the inihibtiory ikB family composed of

A

8 protiens two of them are non processed

38
Q

What does the IKK complex family connsist of

A

conssit of two catalyticallly active kinases IKK1 and IKK2 and NEMO

39
Q

What are the components of Canonical NF-kB components

A
  1. Transcription factor which is a hetro dimer RELA(p65)/p50 (NF-kB1)
  2. Sensor which is IKbA an inhibitor of NF-kB
  3. Transducer which trimeric IKK complex composed of two catalytic subunits and one regulatory subunit
40
Q

What is the canonical NF-kb signaling pathway in resting cells

A

NF-kb is inactive in complex with I-KB and the acatviation

41
Q

What are the 6 steps of canonical NF-kB signaling pathway

A
  1. Many agents can stimulate trimeric I-kB kinase activation by phospphoylation IKKb subunit. The phosphorylation of IKB is driven by protien kinase TAK1
  2. The I-kb kinase B subunit phosphorylates the inhibitos 1-kBa, which then binds an E3 ubiquitin ligase
  3. E3 ubiqutin ligase induces polyubiquitination of I-kbA
    4.Uqbiunitated I-kbA degraded
  4. Removal of I-kBa unmasks nuclear loclaization signals in both subunits of NF-kB causing them to translocate into the nucleus
  5. NF-kb acitvates transcption of numerous target genes including genes encoding various inflammatory cytokines and the gene encoding I-kBa which acts to terminate signaling
42
Q

How can you measure NF-kB activation

A

Western blotting and immunofluroescene for detecting p65

43
Q

What was pulmonary arterty endothelial cells treated with

A

lipopolysaccharide which is a cell wal component of Gram negative bacteria

44
Q

What were the results of spatio temporal changes

A

There is a time dependent movement of p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus over 2h
second fluorscence immunostaning shows taht p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus over 1h however over 4-24 hours the staning returns back to the cytoplasm

45
Q

What does the stain returning back to the cytoplasm mean

A

The negative feedback is working due to acummulation of newly synthesized I-kBA which is required to maintain the balance and avoid overactivation of NF-kb

46
Q

What are the noncanonical components of NF-kb

A
  1. transcrption factor hetrodimer RELB/p52
  2. Sensor which is NF-kb2 p100
    Transducer which is IKKa kinase and one catlytic subunit
47
Q

What is the difference between the non canonical and the canonical pathway

A

Non canonlical pathway relies on phospholatyion of induced p100 processing into p52 triggered by TNFR
Dependent on NIK kinase and IKKA but not on the trimeric IKK complex and TGF-b acitvated kinase 1 TAK!
Slow and persistent

48
Q

What does NF-kb non-canonical releate to

A

Lymphoid oragnogensis, -cell survival and maturation, dendtric cell activation and bone metabolism

49
Q

What does deregulated non-canonical NF-kb signaling associated with

A

Lymphoid maliganices

Cell Bio (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions