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IMSK Exam 2 > Inflammation: Presentations, Players, Process > Flashcards

Inflammation: Presentations, Players, Process Flashcards

1
Q

What are the goals of inflammation?

A

Respond to injurious insult
Remove problem or injured cells
Restore/repair injured tissues

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2
Q

What are the six initiators or stimulators of inflammation?

A 
Infections
Trauma
Physical or chemical agents
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies
Hypersensitivity immune reactions
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3
Q

Which inflammation stimulators release inflammasomes?

A

Trauma
Physical or chemical agents
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies

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4
Q

What are the five signs of inflammation?

A 
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function (chronic)
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5
Q

What is the sequence of events in inflammation?

A 
Recognition
Chemical mediator release
Vascular permeability
Migration and activation of cells
Termination/resolution
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6
Q

What does vasodilation cause?

A

Heat and redness

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7
Q

What vascular changes occur in altered hemodynamics?

A

Brief constriction then vasodilation from histamine

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8
Q

What happens to vascular structure in inflammation?

A

Endothelial cells contract increasing the space between them

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9
Q

What causes redness at the site of inflammation?

A

Hemoconcentration due to loss of blood plasma leaving RBCs in circulation

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10
Q

What is exudate?

A

Fluid leaked contains protein and cells (inflammation)

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11
Q

What is transudate?

A

Not a lot of protein or cells are in the fluid leaked (non inflammatory)

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12
Q

Is exudate or transudate due to inflammation?

A

Exudate

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13
Q

What is effusion?

A

Excess fluid in cavities

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14
Q

What does serous mean?

A

Yellow, straw-like color, few cells

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15
Q

What does serosanguinous mean?

A

RBCs present, red tinge

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16
Q

What does fibrinous mean?

A

Large amounts of fibrin present due to activation of coagulation cascade

17
Q

What does purulent mean?

A

Large number of polymorphonucleocytes (neutrophils) present

18
Q

What are endogenous chemicals?

A

Chemicals that activate and amplify the inflammation process

19
Q

What are the three types of endogenous chemicals?

A

Plasma-derived
Cell-derived
Extracellular matrix

20
Q

What are the three functions of the complement system?

A

Phagocytosis/Destruction
Vascular inflammatory effects
Cellular inflammatory effects

21
Q

What are cell derived chemical mediators of inflammation?

A 
Vasoactive amines
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Platelet activating factor
Lysosomal molecules
Cytokines
Chemokines
Nitric oxide
Interferon
ROS
Neuropeptides
22
Q

What do lipoxins do?

A

Suppress inflammation by inhibiting WBC recruitment

23
Q

What does alpha-1-antitrypsin do?

A

Inhibits neutrophil elastase

24
Q

What happens if alpha-1-antitrypsin isn’t present?

A

Neutrophil elastase destroys the elastin leading to emphysema

25
Q

What are the steps in WBC extravasation?

A

Margination (hemodynamics; slowing of blood movement)
Rolling (selectins)
Adhesion to endothelium (integrins)
WBC migration

26
Q

What cells play a major role in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

27
Q

What cells play a major role in chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Fibroblasts (prominent fibrosis)

28
Q

What are the outcomes of inflammation?

A

Resolution
Healing by fibrosis
Ongoing chronic inflammation

29
Q

What are the causes of chronic inflammation?

A

Persistent infection or injurious stimulus
Prolonged exposure to injurious stimulus
Autoimmunity

30
Q

What are histiocytes?

A

Longstanding resident macrophages in tissue (typical cause chronic inflammation)

31
Q

What occurs in granulomatous inflammation?

A

Macrophages form a syncytium multinucleated giant cell

32
Q

When do caseating granulomas form?

A

In necrosis

33
Q

What occurs in TB?

A

Caseating granulomatous inflammation

34
Q

What occurs in sarcoidosis?

A

Noncaseating granulomas

35
Q

What are the systemic effects of inflammation?

A

Fever
Elevated plasma acute phase reactants
Complete blood count: Elevated WBCs, increased PMN (granulocytosis bacterial), increased lymphs (lymphocytosis viral)

36
Q

What is ESR?

A

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

37
Q

What is the basis for the Rouleaux test?

A

Increased plasma proteins causes a decrease of charge on RBC membranes causing RBCs to stack higher and faster

IMSK Exam 2 (11 decks)

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