Inflammation Part 1 Flashcards
What can almost any infection lead to?
Sepsis (including viruses such as COVID-19)
List the three layers of defence
Physical and Physiological Barriers
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
List the five components of anatomical barriers
Skin Mucous Membranes Cilia Body Temperature pH
List three examples of mucous membranes
Mouth
Nose
Lung
Simple definition of inflammation
Body’s response to infection or injury
List three examples that inflammation is stimulated by
Pathogens
Toxins
Trauma (eg exercise)
Define purpose of inflammation
What are three examples of this?
Respond to stimuli and restore balance (via homeostatic switch)
Eliminate pathogens
Clear out necrotic cells
Initiate tissue repair
List and define the two types of triggers for inflammation
External factors called PAMPS (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns)
Internal factors called DAMPS (Damage Associated Molecular Patterns)
List example diseases of chronic inflammation for the following classifications of diseases:
CVD CNS Neuromuscular Disorders GI Tract Bones/Joints Autoinflammatory Liver
Atherosclerosis; COVID Heart
Alzheimer’s; Multiple Sclerosis
Muscular Dystrophies/Motor Neuron Disease
Crohn’s; Celiac Disease
Osteoathritis; Rheumatoid Athritits; Gout
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
List some examples of PAMPS
Conserved patterns like bacterial wall fragments- peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide LPS
Lipoteichoic Acid
Manan
Virus (eg viral RNA/DNA)
List two examples of DAMPS
HMGB1 (present in COPD, asthma etc)
Intracellular proteins released when plasma membrane is injured or when cell dies (eg necroptosis, pyroptosis)
What is produced as a consequence of PAMPS?
Immune system triggers an inflammatory response
What is produced as a consequence of DAMPS?
Serious cell damage triggers inflammation
Function of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Recognise PAMPS and DAMPS
What are PRRs?
Cell surface receptors on certain leukocytes that activate other cells (eg TLRs) to initate the inflammatory response (ie innate immune system)
State the speed of PRRs
Fast response, occurs within minutes to hours
Describe the first basic processes of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling pathway
- Binding of LPS (a specific type of PAMP) to the PRR results in the activation of a signalling pathway
Describe the second basic processes of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling pathway
- The signalling pathway causes the transcription factor NF-kB to enter the nucleus of the eg macrophage
Describe the third basic process of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling pathway
- NF-kB initiates the transcription and eventual secretion of the cytokines IL-8, IL-1, and TNF-alpha
Describe the first step of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling simplified
- TLR activation leads to inactivation of the repressor IkB via phosphorylation
Describe the second step of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling simplified
- IkB degraded via proteosomes
Describe the third step of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling simplified
- NF-kB (heterodimer of p65 and p50) translocates into nucleus and transactivates pro-inflammatory genes
State two roles of IL-1 beta/IL-6 in the early stage (acute) of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling pathway
Recruite monocytes to inflammation site
Signal to link communication between immune cells
Define and describe the process of apoptosis
Regulated (programmed) cell death
Via shrinkage and ATP use
Define and describe the process of necrosis
Unregulated (not programmed) cell death
Via organelle swelling and rupture- no energy required
Define and describe the process of necroptosis
A regulated form of necrosis when apoptosis is prevented
Process is caspase-independent
Describe the process of pyroptosis
Process is caspase-dependent
eg Casp-1, 4/5
List examples of caspases in apoptosis (for intrinsic or extrinsic pathways)
Casp-9
Casp-3/7
Casp-8
