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Therapeutic Modalities > Inflammation/ Pain Quiz > Flashcards

Inflammation/ Pain Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

To be therapeutic something must be..

A

conducive to the healing process

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2
Q

Modality

A

Application of some form of stress to the body for the purpose to eliciting an adaptive response

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3
Q

Primary Trauma

A

Immediate cellular destruction due to the trauma. Irreversible.

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4
Q

Secondary Trauma

A

Cell death caused by blockage of oxygen supply to the injured area

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5
Q

Phases of Healing: Phase 1: Inflammatory Response

A

Chemical messengers elicit local and systemic effects, cells remove debris and cells create groundwork for repair/ regeneration.
0-4 days

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6
Q

Phases of Healing: Phase 2: Fibroblastic Repair Phase

A

Cells restore vascular and structural integrity of injured structures
2 days-6 weeks

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7
Q

Phases of Healing: Phase 3: Maturation Remodeling Phase

A

Healed tissue adapt to functional loading

3 weeks to 2 years

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8
Q

The Healing Process

A

One big continuum; the phases overlap with no distinct beginning or end points

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9
Q

Immediate Response to Injury

A

Vasoconstriction. Norepinephrin limits blood loss

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10
Q

Vasodilation

A

Occurs due to release of chemical mediators (histamine and leukotaxin)

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11
Q

Cardinal Signs

A

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

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12
Q

Leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophil, basophils and lymphocytes

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13
Q

Jobs of Leukocytes

A

move to the endothelial lining, line to endothelium in a tight formation, leukocytes adhere around cell walls, draw to injured sites, begin process of phagocytosis

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14
Q

Platelets

A

Adhere to one another; a mechanical plug

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15
Q

Clotting Cascade

A

Permanent stop of blood from injured area

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16
Q

Fibrin Patch

A

Forms the blood clot of scab; covered injured tissue

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17
Q

Fibroblastic Repair

A

Starts around 48-72 hours post injury and can last for 6 weeks

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18
Q

Fibroblastic Repair: Granulation Phase

A

growth of new tissue, development of new blood vessels, and development of fibrous tissues

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19
Q

Fibroblastic Repair: Fibroblastic Phase

A

As the fibrin clot begins to break down, a connective tissue matrix forms. Acceleration of laying down collagen. The wound contracts and begins to form the collagen matrix. The scar that is formed during this phase is pink, weak and immature

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20
Q

Maturation Remodeling Phase

A

Begins 3 weeks after injury and can last for up to 2 years. Scarred, smoother skin. Type III collagen is replaced with stronger Type I collagen

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21
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Inflammatory process lasting longer than a month

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22
Q

What can cause chronic inflammation?

A

Autoimmune causes and extended acute inflammation from repetitive trauma

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23
Q

In tissue with a higher metabolic activity wound closure would occur in..

A

5-8 days

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24
Q

Repair

A

Tissue heals with a scar

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25
Q

Regeneration

A

Actual tissue is replaced

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26
Q

Hyaline Cartilage healing

A

Little capacity to heal

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27
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A

Cannot regenerate after they have died. Cannot regenerate from partial tearing.

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28
Q

The closer a nerve injury is to the cell body….

A

the less likely it will heal

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29
Q

Fracture Healing: 1. Acute Phase

A

Up to one week
Hematoma –> platelets
begin to develop a soft callus

30
Q

Fracture Healing: 2. Repair/ Regeneration

A

Up to 8-12 weeks

soft callus to hard callus; cartilage to bone occurs starting week 3

31
Q

Fracture Healing: 3. Remodeling Phase

A

Reabsorption of callus; trabecular bone takes over

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts remodel the bone based on mechanical loading

32
Q

Factors that impede healing

A

extent of injury, edema, poor vascular supply, smoking, age, diabetes

33
Q

What is pain?

A

An unpleasant physical and emotional experience which signifies tissue damage or when tissue damage is imminent

34
Q

Pain

A

Signals when tissue damage is about to occur or has already occured

35
Q

Somatic Pain

A

Originates in the skin and other internal structures

A trauma that has recently occured

36
Q

Referred Pain

A

Pain from internal organs

Do not feel pain at the sight of injury, but in other parts of the body

37
Q

Psychogenic Pain

A

No apparent physical cause but sensation of pain is felt

38
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

39
Q

Grey Matter

A

Unmyelinated tissue; cell bodies

40
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons

41
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

insulation around some nerves
produced by Shwann cells
fatty material
speeds transmission of APs

42
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substances that allow nerve impulses to move from one neuron to another

43
Q

Substance P

A

found in synapses; transmission of pain producing impulses

brain and spinal cord

44
Q

Acetycholine

A

responsible for transmitting motor nerve impulses

PNS and CNS

45
Q

Norepinephrin

A

causes vasoconstriction under the flight or fight response

46
Q

Enkephalin

A

Reduce pain perception by bonding to pain receptor sites

47
Q

Endorphins

A

Morphine like neurohormone; thought to increase pain threshold by bonding to pain receptor sites

48
Q

Serotonin

A

Substance that causes local vasodilation and increase permeability of capillaries

49
Q

Dorsal Nerve Root

A

Generally transmits sensory/ afferent information

50
Q

Ventral Nerve Root

A

Carry motor/ efferent information

51
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

Transmits impulses from the periphery to the brain

52
Q

Afferent Nerves: First Order Neuron

A

Connects to peripheral sensory receptor (sight of injury) and project information to DRG in spinal cord. Synapses with cell body of second order neuron in DRG

53
Q

Afferent Nerves: Second Order Neuron

A

Cell body located in DRG; crosses the middling and ascends to the thalamus

54
Q

Afferent Nerves: Third Order Neuron

A

Cell body in the thalamus and projects to the cortex

55
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

Transmit impulses from the brain to periphery

56
Q

a alpha

A

large diameter
thick myelin
fastest!

57
Q

a beta

A

large diameter
thick myelin
fast

58
Q

a delta

A

small diameter
thin myelin
slow

59
Q

C fibers

A

small diameter
no myelin
slowest!

60
Q

a alpha is associated with

A

Reflexes; GTO and muscle spindles

61
Q

Nociceptors

A

A delta and C fibers

62
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Meissner’s and Pacinian Corpuscles, Ruffini’s Endings

63
Q

Mechanoreceptors function

A

pressure, skin, stretch, and touch

64
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Cold and hot receptors

65
Q

Thermoreceptors function

A

temperature and temperature change

66
Q

Nociceptors

A

free nerve endingss

67
Q

Nociceptors function

A

Pain

68
Q

Deep sensory receptors

A

PROPRIOCEPTORS

69
Q

Thalamus

A

Area of the brain where pain is identified and sorted out.

70
Q

Pain perception is influenced by these factors

A

physical, chemical, social and psychological

Therapeutic Modalities (5 decks)

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