INFLAMMATION--CH 5 = 3 Q'S Flashcards
Definition of INFLAMMATION
Vascular and cellular responses whose purpose is to
localize or _________ the injurious agents.
2 TYPES: ACUTE AND CHRONIC
eliminate
_______ INFLAMMATION
Transient process that occurs within few
minutes of injury and lasts for short time
(hours or days), usually described by the suffix
-“ITIS”–preceded by the name of the tisssue or organ.
ACUTE
Causes of ACUTE INFLAMMATION X 5
1. _________ agents: bacteria, viruses, parasites,
protozoa
2. __________reaction: as due to tubercle bacilli or
parasites
3. ________ agents : trauma, heat, cold, radiation
4. _________ agents : acids, alkalis or bacterial toxins
5. Tissue_______: acute inflammatory response in
adjacent viable tissue
Infectious
Hypersensitivity
Physical
Chemical
necrosis
Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation
1. _______ (redness): due to blood vessels dilation
Dolor (pain): due to increased pressure by exudate and by the following mediators; bradykinin, serotonin &
prostaglandin
2. ______ (increased heat): due to increased blood flow
3. ______ (swelling): due to accumulation of exudate
4. _____ ______ (loss of function): due to pain and tissue damage
Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Functio laesa
Definitions
1. __________: Fluid , protein, and blood cells escape
from the vascular system interstitial tissue
2. _________: Ultrafiltrate of blood and plasma, result
from imbalance across the vascular endothelium
3.________: Excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or
body cavities; can be exudate or transudate
4.______: Purulent inflammatory exudate abundant in
leukocytes and cell debris
Exudation
Transudate
Edema
Pus
Major Phases in Acute Inflammation
After a strike to the skin the following occurs:
1. Momentary white line (due to arteriolar vasoconstriction)
The steps that follow are called “_____ ______”
2. Red line called the _______ (due to capillary dilation)
3. Red irregular area called the________(due to
arteriolar dilation)
4. A swelling called the________(due to edema
caused by increased permeability)
“TRIPLE RESPONSE”
flush
flare
wheal
Major Phases in Acute Inflammation
A. Vascular Changes = ____________:
(1) changes in blood flow:
* Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles
* VASODILATION of arterioles & relaxation of
Pre-capillary sphincters leads to INCREASE blood
Flow and opening of new capillary bed
(Hyperemia).
* Slowing of circulation:
= INCREASED vascular permeability and outpouring of fluid into interstitial tissue = INCREASED blood viscosity = DECREASED rate of blood flow.
Hemodynamics
Major Phases in Acute Inflammation
(2) Increased Vascular permeability:
* Arteriolar dilation & increased blood flow =
INCREASED intravascular hydrostatic pressure =______
* vascular permeability escape of protein rich
fluid (_____________) due to:
(i) IMMEDIATE TRANSIENT LEAKAGE
- mild injury & hypersensitivity reactions
- mediated by histamine, serotonin, bradykinin
- contraction of endothelial cells widening of
intercellular junctions (Gapping)
- immediate leakage, short lived (15-30 min)
transudate.
exudate
Major Phases in Acute Inflammation
(ii) IMMEDIATE SUSTAINED (prolonged) leakage:
- _________ injury e.g. burn endothelial necrosis
- immediate leakage, sustained for long time
(several hours or days) till damaged vessel is
repaired or thrombosed
(iii) DELAYED sustained (prolonged) leakage:
- _______ or moderate injury e.g. sunburn, x-ray,
and bacterial toxins
- endothelium is injured directly or indirectly
causing intercellular gaps
- leakage begins after 2-12 hours & lasts for
several hours or days.
severe
mild
B. Leukocyte Cellular Events:
- ____________ of neutrophils:
As blood flow slows, neutrophils fall out of the central
column and roll along endothelium
2.Adhesion (________) of neutrophils:
Neutrophils adhere to endothelium by surface
adhesion molecules.
3.Emigration (__________) of neutrophils:
Neutrophils insert pseudopods in intercellular
junctions, squeeze their way, traverse basement
membrane and ESCAPE to extravascular space.
4.___________: Neutrophils move TOWARD site of injury along concentration gradient of chemotactic agents.
5.Movement of other cells: __________ emigrate first, predominate in 1st 24-48 hours, replaced later by monocytes RBCs:
- coalesce into ________ (like stack of coins) at
central axis
Margination
pavementing
Diapedesis: Passage of blood cells (especially white
blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the
surrounding tissue.
Chemotaxis
Neutrophils
Rouleaux
TYPES OF CELLS in inflamed tissue
1. ACUTE = 6-24 hrs = ___________
- CHRONIC 24-48 hrs
- -INCREASED __________
- -INCREASED ___________
Neutrophils–Life span of neutrophils (24-48)
Monocytes–Monocytes migration sustained longer
Macrophages
B. Leukocyte Cellular Events:
- ____________:
- Recognition: attachement to agent either directly or
indirectly by IgG or complement (opsonization)
- Engulfment: cytoplasm surrounds agent, encloses it
into a membrane-bound vacuole called a phagosome. - _________ ____________:
(i) Oxygen DEPENDENT mechanism:
Phagocytosis stimulates cellular oxidative
mechanism (respiratory burst) = microbicidal
derivatives, O2, H2O2, HOCl (antimicrobial)
(ii) Oxygen INDEPENDENT mechanism:
Phagosome fuses with lysosome
(phagolysosome) release of lysosomal
enzymes degrade agent.
Phagocytosis
Intracellular killing
Types of Acute Inflammatory Cells x4 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: - 60-70% of all WBCs - segmented nucleus, 1-4 lobes (polymorph) - 1st acute inflammatory cell - function: phagocytosis (oxygen dependent and independent)
Neutrophils
Types of Acute Inflammatory Cells x4
- ____________ = Macrophage = Tissue Histiocyte:
- 4-8% of all WBC
- kidneyshaped nucleus
- long-lived: replace neutrophils 1-2 days later
- in blood (4 days) & tissues (several months)
- function: phagocytosis (large particles)
Monocyte
Types of Acute Inflammatory Cells x 4
- _____________:
- 25-30% of all WBC
- chronic inflammation & acute viral or fungal infections - _____________:
- 1-4% of all WBC
- allergy and parasitic infections
Lymphocyte
Eosinophils
