CELLULAR ADAPTATION--CH 4 = 3 Q'S Flashcards
ATROPHY
Atrophy of cell:
__________–in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance = _________ in metabolic and functional activity.
Atrophy of organ:
DECREASE in the size of organ due to a DECREASE either in the size of its cells or the number of its cells.
Mechanism:
-Adaptive response to __________ body requirement for the function of a certain cell or tissue.
-It occurs in both physiologic & pathologic
conditions
DECREASE
DECREASE
DECREASE
Pathogenesis OF ATROPHY
____________- in amount of cytoplasm
_____________- in number of cytoplasmic organelles
- Marked _________ in number of autophagic vacuoles where cytoplasmic organelles are degraded by lysosomal enzymes.
-Resistant debris accumulate in cytoplasm e.g.
lipofuscin
DECREASE
DECREASE
INCREASE
Physiological Atrophy:
- Umbilical vessels & ductus arteriosus
- Thymus after puberty
- Ovaries, uterus & breast after menopause
- Testicular atrophy in elderly men
- Reduction in muscle mass in the elderly
KNOW THESE
Pathological Atrophy:
1-__________ function (disuse atrophy)
e.g. skeletal muscles & bones in immobilized
fractured limb (prolonged cases osteoporosis)
2-loss of innervation (_________ atrophy)
3- Loss of blood supply (_______ atrophy)
= hypoxia e.g. epidermal atrophy is seen in lower limbs in varicose vein patients. Also, _______ atrophy due to atherosclerosis (chronic ischemic heart disease)
DECREASE
denervation
ischemic
heart
Pathological Atrophy:
4- Pressure atrophy = hypoxia e.g. atrophy of skin and
subcutaneous tissue over sacrum in patients
staying in bed for long time or atrophy of blood
vessels due to a mass or tumor
5- Loss of endocrine stimulation:
-_________ estrogen secretion atrophy of
endometrium, vagina & breast (menopause)
-_________ secretion of pituitary trophic hormones
atrophy of thyroid, adrenal & gonads
- high doses of __________(cancer treatment) =
atrophy of adrenal glands
DECREASED
DECREASED
corticosteroids
Pathological Atrophy: 6- Lack of nutrition (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ atrophy) atrophy of adipose tissue, pancreas (muscles if severe) 7- \_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_ atrophy: e.g. corticosteroids applied topically skin atrophy (disfiguring) 8- Aging: e.g. \_\_\_\_\_\_ atrophy in senile dementia
nutritional
Hormone-induced
brain
Atrophy muscle fiber, microscopic
The number of cells is the same as before the atrophy occurred, but the size of some fibers is reduced. This is a response to injury by “________” to conserve the cell.
downsizing
HYPERTROPHY
Definition:
INCREASE size of a tissue or organ due to________ size of individual cells
Mechanism:
Adaptive response to __________functional demand of tissues made up of permanent cells (i.e. cannot divide)
INCREASE
INCREASE
Pathogenesis of HYPERTROPHY - amount of cytoplasm - number of cytoplasmic organelles e.g. Myofilaments in muscle fibers and synthetic apparatus in secretory cells.
INCREASE
INCREASE
Pathogenesis of HYPERTROPHY
____________- amount of cytoplasm
____________- number of cytoplasmic organelles
e.g. Myofilaments in muscle fibers and synthetic
apparatus in secretory cells.
INCREASE
INCREASE
PATHOLOGICAL Hypertophy:
___________ - functional demand e.g. left ventricle in hypertensive patients.
________- Hormonal stimulation e.g. acromegaly due to secretion of growth hormone.
PHYSIOLOGICAL hypertrophy:
__________- functional demand e.g. striated muscles in
muscle builders
- Hormonal stimulation e.g. uterine muscle
(myometrial smooth muscle) during pregnancy
INCREASE
INCREASE
INCREASE
HYPERPLASIA
Definition:
___________ - size of an organ or tissue as a result of _________ number of component cells.
Mechanism:
Adaptive response to INCREASE functional demand of tissue made up of labile or stable cells (can divide) as:
hematopoietic, epithelial, or connective tissue cells.
Cardiac, Nerve, & Skeletal muscle cells have little or
no ability to become hyperplastic.
INCREASE
INCREASE
PHYSIOLOGIC Hyperplasia:
- ___________e.g. epithelium of female breast at
puberty & endometrial proliferation with normal
menstrual cycle. - ___________e.g. liver cells following
partial hepatectomy (mitotic activity starts in 12
hours, eventually restoring its normal weight)
Hormonal
Compensatory
Pathological Hyperplasia:
- Endometrium— due to excessive ______
stimulation (abnormal menstrual bleeding) - Adrenal glands— due to INCREASED secretion of _____
estrogen
ACTH
Hyperplasia
- Known stimulus
- __________ (i.e. responds to regular growth control)
- Cells look normal
Neoplasia
- ____________ (i.e. unlimited cell proliferation)
- Abnormal in malignant
- May occur without known stimulus
Reversible
Irreversible
___________:Definition:Replacement of one adult mature cell type
(epithelial or mesenchymal) by another cell type.
Mechanism:
Adaptive replacement of cells that are sensitive
to stress by more resistant ones (reversible
change)
METAPLASIA
Metaplasia in epithelial tissue:
- Squamous metaplasia: replacement of the
normal columnar ________ epithelium of the
respiratory tract»_space;»>__________ squamous epithelium
in smokers
- Glandular metaplasia: replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus»»»> mucous-secreting epithelium in reflux esophagitis (_______ hernia)
ciliated
stratified
hiatal
_______________ hernia— is characterized by herniation of a portion of the gastric fundus alongside the esophagus through a defect in the diaphragmatic connective tissue membrane that defines the esophageal hiatus.
Paraesophageal
__________ esophagus:
The white squamous mucosa of the proximal esophagus (top) is contrasted with the columnar lining of the
distal Barrett esophagus (bottom).
Barrett
Examples of metaplasia in mesenchymal tissue:
- _________ metaplasia in scars & areas of muscle
trauma
-__________ deposition in atheromas & bronchial
cartilage
Osseous
Calcium
__________:Definition: Abnormality in maturation & differentiation of epithelium (premalignant condition)
Causes:
- Prolonged irritation e.g. smoking
- Prolonged inflammation
- Exposure to carcinogenics
Ex. Pap smear detects dysplasia in the cervix
DYSPLASIA
Pathological features of DYSPLASIA
1-____________ rate of cellular multiplication: numerous
mitotic figures = increased epithelial bulk
2- Loss of uniformity of cells i.e. pleomorphism
3- Loss of epithelial polarity i.e. squamous epithelium may not show the normal differentiation from basal cells
4- Nucleus:
= INCREASE size
= INCREASE chromatin content
= Abnormal chromatin (coarse & clumped)
INCREASED
PATHOLOGICAL CALCIFICATION
Definition:Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft
tissues
Pathological features:
N.E.: - Fine white granules or clumps
Micro: -Initiation of intracellular calcification occurs in
the __________ of dead or dying cells
-Basophilic, granular, amorphous material.
- Progressive deposition of several layers lamellated appearance (psammoma bodies)intracellular or
extracellular or both
mitochondria
Types of PATHOLOGICAL CALCIFICATION - Dystrophic calcification: - Deposition of calcium salts in \_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue (Normalserum calcium level) - Examples: - atherosclerosis - necrotic tissue - heart valves in rheumatic fever
dead or dying
