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M2 Pathology > Inflammation and wound healing > Flashcards

Inflammation and wound healing Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A
  • Inflammation is a local physiological response to tissue injury
  • Inflammation is a complex reaction in vascularised connective tissue
  • Reaction of blood vessels which leads to accumulation of fluid and leucocytes in extravascular tissues dundee.ac.uk Page
  • Inflammation serves to destroy, dilute or wall off the injurious agent
  • The inflammatory response is closely intertwined with the process of repair
  • Inflammation is primarily a protective response
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of inflammation?

A

ACUTE INFLAMMATION = the initial rapid and short-lived series of tissue reactions to injury

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION = the subsequent and prolonged tissue reactions following the initial response

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3
Q

What are the physical characteristics of inflammation?

i.e the 5 cardinal signs

A

redness - due to dilatation of small blood vessels

swelling - due to increased blood flow

heat - from accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space

pain - Due to stretching and distortion of tissues caused by increased fluid.

loss of function - movement of the inflamed area is consciously and reflexly inhibited by pain.

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4
Q

What are the 2 phases to acute inflammation?

A

1. Vascular phase

i Vasodilatation

ii Increased permeability of blood vessels

2. Exudative and cellular phase

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5
Q

How does a neutrophil reach the site of an inflammatory stimulus?

A
  1. Margination
    * circulating neutrophils adhering to the vessel wall in the cellular phase of acute inflammation.*
  2. Adhesion
  3. Transendothelial Migration
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6
Q

Define Epitheliesation.

A

Keratinocyles produce a large sheet over the wound and meets at wound edges

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7
Q

3 functions of insoluble fibrin network?

Increased vessel permeability means that large molecules such as protiens can escape from vessels.

coagulation factors-FIBRINOGEN catalyses to fibrin on contact with extra vascular tissues and creates an insoluble fibrin network.

A
  • to wall of inflammed area
  • to impede movement of microbes
  • to bind together cut edges of wound
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8
Q

4 possible outcomes of acute inflammation.

A
  • tissue resolution
  • repair by fibrosis
  • abcess formation
  • chronic inflammation
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9
Q

What are the 3 overlapping stages in repair of a damage in a wound?

A
  • inflammation
  • proliferation
  • maturation
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10
Q

What is CHEMOTAXIS?

A

“locomotion orientated along a chemical gradient”

help neutrophils find the site of the Inflammatory stimulus?

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11
Q

What is necrosis?

A

death of a tissue and cells due to poor blood supply.

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12
Q

What do neutrohpils undergo after phagosytosis?

A

apoptosis

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13
Q

What are some Chemical Mediators of Inflammation Released from Cells?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Lysosomal compounds
  3. Serotonin
  4. Chemokines
  5. Leukotrienes
  6. Prostaglandins
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14
Q

What are some plasma factors in inflammation?

A
  1. Complement system
  2. Coagulation system
  3. Kinin system
  4. Fibrinolytic system
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15
Q

What are 3 groups of drugs that can cause gingival overgrowth?

A

Calcium channel blockers

Immune Suppressents

Anticonuulsants

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16
Q

What are the Systemic effects of Acute Inflammation?

A

1. Fever

2. Constitutional Symptoms

3. Weight Loss

4. Reactive Hyperplasia of the Reticuloendothelial System

5. Haematological Changes

17
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis- Programmed self destruct enzymes causing cell suicide.

18
Q

Difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

A

Acute- rapid onset, main cells neutrohpils

Chronic - continuous pain over long period of time, main cells : macrophages

lymphocytes

plasma cells

19
Q

With regard to the regenerative ability of the cell are the following describing

Labile

stable

pernament cells

A

Labile= constantly multiply and replace cells such as epithelial

Stable= Have capabilities of fast proliferation only when stimulated

Pernament= do not replicate

20
Q

What does RESTITUTION mean?

A

Restitution means the complete restoration of the tissues to normal after an episode of acute inflammation

21
Q

Repair by connective tissue fibrosis involves what?

A

Repair by connective tissue fibrosis involves the following:

  1. Angiogenesis- formation of new blood vessels
  2. Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts
  3. Deposition of collagen
  4. Maturation and organisation of fibrous tissue - remodelling
22
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis - engulfing of microbe by sealing it in a phagosome and vesicle, intracellularly digests

23
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes of chronic inflammation?

A
  • Healing
  • regeneration
  • scarring
24
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

Granulation tissue - where newly blood vessels begin to form and new tissues os forming highly vascular and easy to break

M2 Pathology (2 decks)

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