Inflammation and wound healing Flashcards
What is inflammation?
- Inflammation is a local physiological response to tissue injury
- Inflammation is a complex reaction in vascularised connective tissue
- Reaction of blood vessels which leads to accumulation of fluid and leucocytes in extravascular tissues dundee.ac.uk Page
- Inflammation serves to destroy, dilute or wall off the injurious agent
- The inflammatory response is closely intertwined with the process of repair
- Inflammation is primarily a protective response
What are the 2 types of inflammation?
ACUTE INFLAMMATION = the initial rapid and short-lived series of tissue reactions to injury
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION = the subsequent and prolonged tissue reactions following the initial response
What are the physical characteristics of inflammation?
i.e the 5 cardinal signs
redness - due to dilatation of small blood vessels
swelling - due to increased blood flow
heat - from accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space
pain - Due to stretching and distortion of tissues caused by increased fluid.
loss of function - movement of the inflamed area is consciously and reflexly inhibited by pain.
What are the 2 phases to acute inflammation?
1. Vascular phase
i Vasodilatation
ii Increased permeability of blood vessels
2. Exudative and cellular phase
How does a neutrophil reach the site of an inflammatory stimulus?
- Margination
* circulating neutrophils adhering to the vessel wall in the cellular phase of acute inflammation.* - Adhesion
- Transendothelial Migration
Define Epitheliesation.
Keratinocyles produce a large sheet over the wound and meets at wound edges
3 functions of insoluble fibrin network?
Increased vessel permeability means that large molecules such as protiens can escape from vessels.
coagulation factors-FIBRINOGEN catalyses to fibrin on contact with extra vascular tissues and creates an insoluble fibrin network.
- to wall of inflammed area
- to impede movement of microbes
- to bind together cut edges of wound
4 possible outcomes of acute inflammation.
- tissue resolution
- repair by fibrosis
- abcess formation
- chronic inflammation
What are the 3 overlapping stages in repair of a damage in a wound?
- inflammation
- proliferation
- maturation
What is CHEMOTAXIS?
“locomotion orientated along a chemical gradient”
help neutrophils find the site of the Inflammatory stimulus?
What is necrosis?
death of a tissue and cells due to poor blood supply.
What do neutrohpils undergo after phagosytosis?
apoptosis
What are some Chemical Mediators of Inflammation Released from Cells?
- Histamine
- Lysosomal compounds
- Serotonin
- Chemokines
- Leukotrienes
- Prostaglandins
What are some plasma factors in inflammation?
- Complement system
- Coagulation system
- Kinin system
- Fibrinolytic system
What are 3 groups of drugs that can cause gingival overgrowth?
Calcium channel blockers
Immune Suppressents
Anticonuulsants
What are the Systemic effects of Acute Inflammation?
1. Fever
2. Constitutional Symptoms
3. Weight Loss
4. Reactive Hyperplasia of the Reticuloendothelial System
5. Haematological Changes
What is Apoptosis?
Apoptosis- Programmed self destruct enzymes causing cell suicide.
Difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute- rapid onset, main cells neutrohpils
Chronic - continuous pain over long period of time, main cells : macrophages
lymphocytes
plasma cells
With regard to the regenerative ability of the cell are the following describing
Labile
stable
pernament cells
Labile= constantly multiply and replace cells such as epithelial
Stable= Have capabilities of fast proliferation only when stimulated
Pernament= do not replicate
What does RESTITUTION mean?
Restitution means the complete restoration of the tissues to normal after an episode of acute inflammation
Repair by connective tissue fibrosis involves what?
Repair by connective tissue fibrosis involves the following:
- Angiogenesis- formation of new blood vessels
- Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts
- Deposition of collagen
- Maturation and organisation of fibrous tissue - remodelling
What is Phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis - engulfing of microbe by sealing it in a phagosome and vesicle, intracellularly digests
What are the 3 possible outcomes of chronic inflammation?
- Healing
- regeneration
- scarring
What is granulation tissue?
Granulation tissue - where newly blood vessels begin to form and new tissues os forming highly vascular and easy to break
