Inflammation and Wound healing Flashcards
“Acute” inflammation
sudden and short inflammation
“chronic” inflammation
inflammation that lasts a long time
Five cardinal signs of inflammation
- Calor (heat)2. Rubor (redness)3. Tumor (Swelling)4. Dolor ( Pain)5. Functio Laesa (loss of funtion)
What represents the bodies first response to injury?
Slide 11Changes in blood flowexample: Burn, stimulation of nerve transmits signals to smooth muscle to vasoconstrict than dialate relaxing it and allowing blood to rush in…redness,swelling, and warmth of tissue
Edema
Increased pressure in capillaries after initial response to injury cause plasma to filter out through vessel walls.
Rouleaux
Sludged erythrocytes after plasma is pushed out causes these stacks. Impedes circulation
Pavementing Phenomenon
WBC marginate and become attached to edge of endothelium. They develop elongated protrusions that make them sticky allowing them to adhere to endothelial lining.
Interleukins
group of cytokine, soluble mediator that activates leukocytes and endothelial cells at site
Transudation
leakage of fluid from the vessels into the interstitial spaces during this time.
Which type of leukocytes are most present in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
Which type of leukocytes are most present in chronic inflammation?
Macrophages
What it the process by which neuts emigrate through vessel walls? 4 step process
- adhesion of PMNs to endothelium2. Insertion of pseudopods between endothelial cell junctions3. Passage through membrane4. ameboid movement away from vessel towards cause of inflammation
What is the active movement of PMNs along the concentration gradient until it reaches the source of inflammation?
chemotaxis
How do the PMNs recognize the bacteria, as a precursor to phagocytosis?
attachment is facilitated by immunoglobulins (Fc) and complement (C3b)
What is engulfment, in reference to phagocytosis?
cytoplasm of the PMN surrounds the foreign particle and encloses
What happens to the bacterium after it has been phaocytoasted?
bacterium is killed by bacteriocidal substances,
What is the fate of the nuet once phagocytosis occurs?
Many PMNs die and when mixed with tissue debris pus is formed.
What is purulent or suppurative inflammations?
inflammations dominated by the formation of pus
How is inflammation classified?
Duration, etiology, and loaction
What are the causes if inflammation?
Most common-infectious pathogenschemical, physical, and immune factors
Location of inflammation is described in two ways….
Localized (boil or furuncle)Widespread (systemic inflammation)
What are the two important clinical finding associated with inflammation?
Fever- cause by prostaglandins interleukin-1 and TNFLeukocytosis- normal leokocyte levels are 10,000 WBCs/mm3. Acute inflammation occurs when numbers higher than 12-15000
Describe Serous Inflammation
-mildest form of inflammation-found in early stages of most inflammation-characterized by the exudation of fluid that is clear-Typical in Herpesvirus-Autoimmune disorders such as SLE, can affect the serosal surfaces and cause a serous Pericarditis, pleuritis or peritontitis.-2nd degree burns
Describe Fibrinous Inflammation
-Characterized by an exudate that is rich in fibrin-Fibrinous exudates are indicative of serve inflammation-Excuates also contain mainly Ig’s and Albumins -Extravasation-Seen in many bacterial infections ex: Strept throat or pneumonia-TB pericarditis: surface of heart is covered and fibrin bridges space in pericardial sac. Gives a bread and butter feel.
Describe Purulent Inflammation
- Typically caused by pus forming bacteria
- Pus may accumulate on mucosa, skin or internal organs
- Localized collection of pus with organ and tissue is called an abscess
What are fistulas and how are abscesses and fistulas related?
Fistula: channels formed between two preexisting cavities Large abscesses may form fistulas
An accumulation of pus in a preformed cavity
What is Empyema?
Describe Ulcerative Inflammation
Inflammation of body surfaces or the mucosa of hollow organs. This leads to ulceration or loss of epithelial cells.
Describe Pseudomembranous Inflammation
-combination of ulcerative inflammaiton and fibrinopurulent exudation-
What is pseudomembranous colitis?
Caused by C. difficile. Caused by bacterial overgrowth secondary to broad spectrum antibiotics? slide 110
Describe Granulomatous Inflammtion
-Chronic inflammation typically not preceded by acute inflammation-*TB is prototype granulomatous disease-Mediated by macrophages and T-lymphocytes
What are labile cells?
aka: Stem cells These cells divide at a regular rate and give rise to more differentiated cellsCan easily repair a defect in skin wounds
What are Quiescent cells?
aka: Stable cells-Don’t divide regularly but can divide if necessaryLiver and Kidney
What are Non-dividing cells?
aka: permanent cellsCannot proliferate under any circumstances
By what process is brain tissue repaired after loss of brain cells?
Gliosis
What are the most important cells involved in wound healing?
Leukocytes, macrophages, connective tissue cells, and epithelial cells
What do myofibroblasts do in wound healing?
holds margins of tissue in close approximation
What do angioblast do in wound healing?
precursors of blood vessels
What do fibroblasts do in wound healing?
produce most of the extracellular matrix uses: Fibronectin and collagen
What flavor of collagen is laid first in wound healing?
Type 3 converts to type 1
collagen + angioblasts =
granulation tissue
Explain 1st intention
surgical wounds stitched back together and it looks real nice when done
Explain 2nd intention
large defects that cannot not readily be bridged and cannot be juxtaposed
What factors delay wound healing?
- Site of the wound 2. Infection3. Mechanical Factors 4. Age5. Circulatory Status6. Nutritional and Metabolic Factors
What is a keloid?
nah dude its a rocket ship or a light house
What is DJ’s favorite animal?
