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Immunology Exam 2 > Inflammation and Wound healing > Flashcards

Inflammation and Wound healing Flashcards

1
Q

“Acute” inflammation

A

sudden and short inflammation

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2
Q

“chronic” inflammation

A

inflammation that lasts a long time

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3
Q

Five cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. Calor (heat)2. Rubor (redness)3. Tumor (Swelling)4. Dolor ( Pain)5. Functio Laesa (loss of funtion)
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4
Q

What represents the bodies first response to injury?

A

Slide 11Changes in blood flowexample: Burn, stimulation of nerve transmits signals to smooth muscle to vasoconstrict than dialate relaxing it and allowing blood to rush in…redness,swelling, and warmth of tissue

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5
Q

Edema

A

Increased pressure in capillaries after initial response to injury cause plasma to filter out through vessel walls.

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6
Q

Rouleaux

A

Sludged erythrocytes after plasma is pushed out causes these stacks. Impedes circulation

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7
Q

Pavementing Phenomenon

A

WBC marginate and become attached to edge of endothelium. They develop elongated protrusions that make them sticky allowing them to adhere to endothelial lining.

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8
Q

Interleukins

A

group of cytokine, soluble mediator that activates leukocytes and endothelial cells at site

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9
Q

Transudation

A

leakage of fluid from the vessels into the interstitial spaces during this time.

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10
Q

Which type of leukocytes are most present in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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11
Q

Which type of leukocytes are most present in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages

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12
Q

What it the process by which neuts emigrate through vessel walls? 4 step process

A
  1. adhesion of PMNs to endothelium2. Insertion of pseudopods between endothelial cell junctions3. Passage through membrane4. ameboid movement away from vessel towards cause of inflammation
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13
Q

What is the active movement of PMNs along the concentration gradient until it reaches the source of inflammation?

A

chemotaxis

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14
Q

How do the PMNs recognize the bacteria, as a precursor to phagocytosis?

A

attachment is facilitated by immunoglobulins (Fc) and complement (C3b)

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15
Q

What is engulfment, in reference to phagocytosis?

A

cytoplasm of the PMN surrounds the foreign particle and encloses

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16
Q

What happens to the bacterium after it has been phaocytoasted?

A

bacterium is killed by bacteriocidal substances,

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17
Q

What is the fate of the nuet once phagocytosis occurs?

A

Many PMNs die and when mixed with tissue debris pus is formed.

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18
Q

What is purulent or suppurative inflammations?

A

inflammations dominated by the formation of pus

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19
Q

How is inflammation classified?

A

Duration, etiology, and loaction

20
Q

What are the causes if inflammation?

A

Most common-infectious pathogenschemical, physical, and immune factors

21
Q

Location of inflammation is described in two ways….

A

Localized (boil or furuncle)Widespread (systemic inflammation)

22
Q

What are the two important clinical finding associated with inflammation?

A

Fever- cause by prostaglandins interleukin-1 and TNFLeukocytosis- normal leokocyte levels are 10,000 WBCs/mm3. Acute inflammation occurs when numbers higher than 12-15000

23
Q

Describe Serous Inflammation

A

-mildest form of inflammation-found in early stages of most inflammation-characterized by the exudation of fluid that is clear-Typical in Herpesvirus-Autoimmune disorders such as SLE, can affect the serosal surfaces and cause a serous Pericarditis, pleuritis or peritontitis.-2nd degree burns

24
Q

Describe Fibrinous Inflammation

A

-Characterized by an exudate that is rich in fibrin-Fibrinous exudates are indicative of serve inflammation-Excuates also contain mainly Ig’s and Albumins -Extravasation-Seen in many bacterial infections ex: Strept throat or pneumonia-TB pericarditis: surface of heart is covered and fibrin bridges space in pericardial sac. Gives a bread and butter feel.

25
Q

Describe Purulent Inflammation

A
  • Typically caused by pus forming bacteria
  • Pus may accumulate on mucosa, skin or internal organs
  • Localized collection of pus with organ and tissue is called an abscess
26
Q

What are fistulas and how are abscesses and fistulas related?

A

Fistula: channels formed between two preexisting cavities Large abscesses may form fistulas

27
Q

An accumulation of pus in a preformed cavity

A

What is Empyema?

28
Q

Describe Ulcerative Inflammation

A

Inflammation of body surfaces or the mucosa of hollow organs. This leads to ulceration or loss of epithelial cells.

29
Q

Describe Pseudomembranous Inflammation

A

-combination of ulcerative inflammaiton and fibrinopurulent exudation-

30
Q

What is pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Caused by C. difficile. Caused by bacterial overgrowth secondary to broad spectrum antibiotics? slide 110

31
Q

Describe Granulomatous Inflammtion

A

-Chronic inflammation typically not preceded by acute inflammation-*TB is prototype granulomatous disease-Mediated by macrophages and T-lymphocytes

32
Q

What are labile cells?

A

aka: Stem cells These cells divide at a regular rate and give rise to more differentiated cellsCan easily repair a defect in skin wounds

33
Q

What are Quiescent cells?

A

aka: Stable cells-Don’t divide regularly but can divide if necessaryLiver and Kidney

34
Q

What are Non-dividing cells?

A

aka: permanent cellsCannot proliferate under any circumstances

35
Q

By what process is brain tissue repaired after loss of brain cells?

A

Gliosis

36
Q

What are the most important cells involved in wound healing?

A

Leukocytes, macrophages, connective tissue cells, and epithelial cells

37
Q

What do myofibroblasts do in wound healing?

A

holds margins of tissue in close approximation

38
Q

What do angioblast do in wound healing?

A

precursors of blood vessels

39
Q

What do fibroblasts do in wound healing?

A

produce most of the extracellular matrix uses: Fibronectin and collagen

40
Q

What flavor of collagen is laid first in wound healing?

A

Type 3 converts to type 1

41
Q

collagen + angioblasts =

A

granulation tissue

42
Q

Explain 1st intention

A

surgical wounds stitched back together and it looks real nice when done

43
Q

Explain 2nd intention

A

large defects that cannot not readily be bridged and cannot be juxtaposed

44
Q

What factors delay wound healing?

A
  1. Site of the wound 2. Infection3. Mechanical Factors 4. Age5. Circulatory Status6. Nutritional and Metabolic Factors
45
Q

What is a keloid?

A

nah dude its a rocket ship or a light house

46
Q

What is DJ’s favorite animal?

A
47
Q
A

Immunology Exam 2 (4 decks)

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