Clinical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms are Prokaryotes and which are Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: Bacteria
Eukaryotes: Fungi, Parasites, Animals, Plants

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2
Q

What are the key characteristics of Eukaryotes?

A

True Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Mitotic apparatus
linear DNA

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3
Q

What is unique to the eukaryotic cell membrane?

A

Sterols

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4
Q

Peptidoglycans

A

Repeating disaccharides with four amino acid side chains. Unique to Prokaryotic cell wall.

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5
Q

What are the various shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci- Round
Bacilli- Rod
Spirochetes- Spiralled

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6
Q

What are the arrangements of bacteria?

A

Diplo- in pairs
Strepto- chain like
Staphylo- grapelike clusters

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7
Q

What is the smallest bacteria?

A

Mycoplasma

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8
Q

Gram + cell walls contain:

A
  • Thick peptidoglycan layer

- Teichoic acid

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9
Q

Gram - cell walls consists of 4 layers:

A
  1. Inner cytoplasmic membrane
  2. Periplasmic space
  3. thin peptidoglycan layer
  4. Lipopolysaccharide
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10
Q

What is in the Periplasmic space?

A

beta-lactamase that degrades beta-lactam drugs (penicillin)

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11
Q

What is the structure of LPS?

A
  1. O-antigen (1-50 oligosaccharide different for each bacteria)
  2. polysaccharide core
  3. Lipid A (endotoxin)
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12
Q

Mycobacteria

A

acid fast bacteria. Resist decolorization from Acid alcohol. Stained with Carbolfuchsin. High concentration of Mycolic acids.

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13
Q

Mycolic acid

A

Resists phagocytosis. Found in TB, MAI, and Leprosy. Acid fast organisms.

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14
Q

What are the specialized structures outside the cell wall?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Flagella
  3. Pili (Fimbriae)
  4. Glycocalyx (slime layer)
  5. Endospore
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15
Q

How do you stain bacteria capsules?

A
  1. India Ink Stain

2. Quelling reaction: causes swelling of capsule

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16
Q

Capsule

A

Enables bacteria virulence. Prevents phagocytosis. Sugars from capsule are used as antigens in vaccines.

17
Q

Flagella

A

Whip-like appendages for motility.
Vibrio cholera- 1 flagellum
E. coli- multiple flagella
Shigella- no flagella

18
Q

Most common cause of UTI’s

A

E.coli and P. mirabilis. Use flagella to propel bacteria up urethra.

19
Q

Pili (fimbriae)

A

hairlike filaments used for adherence. N. gonorrhea use pili to cause Gonorrhea.

20
Q

Adhesins

A

adherence factors associated with pili. Bacteria using adhesins include:
E.coli- diarrhea
Bordetella pertussis- Whooping Cough

21
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Slime layer allows for bacteria adherence.

-Strep mutans

22
Q

Endospore

A

dormant until proper nutrients. Examples:
Bacillis anthracis
Clostridium botulina

23
Q

Exotoxins

A

Protein secreted by Gram +.

Neurotoxins and Enterotoxins.

24
Q

Two diseases caused by Enterotoxins

A
  1. Infectious diarrhea: bacteria continuously in GI tract

2. Food poisoning: bacteria grow on food and then ingested.

25
Endotoxins
Lipid A portion of LPS. Released when cell is lysed.
26
considered normal flora on the skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis. Non pathogenic but can cause disease.
27
What are the normal flora of the respiratory tract and their pathogenic counterpart?
Strep Viridans- Strep pyogenes Neisseria- Neisseria menigitidis Staph epidermidis- Staph aureus
28
Eikenella corrodens
Skin and soft tissue infections associated with human bites and clenched-fist injuries
29
B. fragilis
perforation of intestinal wall causing peritonitis
30
lactobacillus
maintains low pH of vagina
31
Group B Streptococci
carried by mother, transferred to child during birth causing sepsis and meningitis.
32
Mycobacterium smegmatis
acid fast organism around female urethras and uncircumcised males