Inflammation and the Healing Process Flashcards
macrotrauma
large injury that results in failure of musculoskeletal structures
microtrauma
overuse, cyclic loading, friction injuries. Small stresses that cause injury over time.
immediate swelling is due to what physiological process?
hemorrhaging
edema
a collection of fluid in interstitial space
swelling over time is due to what physiological process?
edema
secondary injury
healthy cells that were not damaged during the initial injury are now damaged and/or dying
inflammation
a coordinated, complex, and dynamic series of events that develops as a result of trauma or injury to VASCULAR tissue
what is the purpose of inflammation?
promotes the tissues ability to heal
what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function
increased vascularity causes what cardinal sign(s) of inflammation?
heat and redness
blockage of lymphatic drainage causes what cardinal sign(s) of inflammation
swelling
physical pressure and/or irritation causes what cardinal sign(s) of inflammation
pain
pain and swelling causes what cardinal sign(s) of inflammation
loss of function
time period for hemostasis phase?
immediate sec/min
time period for inflammatory phase
1-6 days
another 2 names for the inflammatory phase of tissue repair?
acute stage/ protective phase
time period for the proliferation phase?
3-20 days
another 2 names for the proliferation phase
subacute stage/controlled motion phase
time period for maturation phase
9 days +
another 2 names for the maturation phase
chronic stage/return to function phase
why do the proliferation and maturation phase time periods overlap?
different tissues heal at different rates. for example, a tendon could be in the proliferation phase whereas the skin could be in the maturation phase
what occurs in the hemostasis phase (3 things)
stops the leak, vasoconstriction of blood vessels (vascular response), controls blood loss (hemostatic response)
characteristics of what phase of healing?: vascular changes, exudate of cells and chemicals, clot formation, phagocytosis, neutralization of irritants, early fibroblastic activity
inflammatory phase
clinical signs of the inflammatory phase? (3)
inflammation, pain before resistance (empty end feel), tender to palpation
why do non-injured vessels dilate in the area of trauma during the inflammation phase
non-injured vessels dilate to transport more nutrients to the injured area
term for cells squeezing through vessel walls
diapedesis
term for leukocytes moving from outside to inside a blood vessel
extravasation
term for blood vessels migrating to perivascular tissue
emigration
hydrostatic pressure
pressure exerted by a column of water
osmotic pressure
pressure resulting from attraction of fluid by free proteins
cellular response to injury during the first 24 hours? (3 cells)
neutrophils: phagocytosis and release proteolytic enzymes
basophils: release histamine, which contributes to vascular permeability
eosinophils: phagocytosis
two cells that arrive within 24-48 hours post-trauma?
monocytes: convert into macrophages
lymphocytes: supply antibodies
characteristics of what phase of healing?: removal of noxious stimuli, growth of capillary beds into area, collagen formation, granulation tissue formation, very fragile, easily injured tissue
proliferation phase
days for wound closure in muscle and skin?
5-8
days for wound closure in tendons and ligaments?
3-6 weeks
characteristics of what phase of healing? : maturation of connective tissue, contracture of scar tissue, remodeling of scar, collagen aligns to stress
maturation phase
scar attempts to mimic characteristic of injured tissue? (theory)
induction theory
internal and external stresses applied during maturation phase determine final tissue structure? (theory)
tension theory
the simultaneous progression of active inflammation, tissue destruction, and healing
chronic inflammation
restarting the acute process before the previous episode has finished
recurring inflammation
restoration of tissue that is identical to injured tissue
regeneration
healing mechanism that involves scar formation and the return of structural and functional properties of the injured tissue, however, not identical to the injured tissue
repair
