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TOPNOTCHER PEDIA > INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR > Flashcards

INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR Flashcards

1
Q

Response of vascularized tissues to infections and damaged tissues that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, in order to eliminate the offending agent

A

inflammation

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2
Q

the initial response to infections and tissue damage

A

acute inflammation

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3
Q

Inflammatory response of prolonged duration in which inflammation, tissue injury, and attempts at repair coexist, in varying combinations

A

chronic inflammation

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4
Q

Restoration of tissue architecture and function after and injury

A

tissue repair

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5
Q

cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation

A

mainly neutrophils

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6
Q

cellular infiltrate in chronic inflammation

A

monocytes/ macrophages, lymphocytes

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7
Q

severe and progressive tissue injury, fibrosis

a. chronic inflammation
b. acute inflammation

A

chronic

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8
Q

Usually mild and self limited tissue injury and fibrosis

a. chronic inflammation
b. acute inflammation

A

acute inflammation

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9
Q

prominent local and systemic signs

a. chronic inflammation
b. acute inflammation

A

acute

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10
Q

less local and systemic signs

a. chronic inflammation
b. acute inflammation

A

chronic

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11
Q

components of acute inflammation

A
  1. Dilation of small vessels
  2. Increased microvascular permeability
  3. Emigration of leukocytes and their activation
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12
Q

initial vascular response to injury

A

vasoconstriction

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13
Q

Most notable mediator that produces vasodilation; stored in mast cells, platelets, and basophils

A

histamine

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14
Q

Most common mechanism of increased microvascular permeability in acute inflammation

A

Endothelial cell contraction

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15
Q

what cells produce histamine in inflammation

A

mast cells
platelets
basophils

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16
Q

Morphologic hallmarks of acute inflammation

A

Vasodilation

  1. Accumulation of leukocytes and fluid in the extravascular tissue
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17
Q

outcomes of acute inflammation

A
  1. Resolution
  2. Pus formation (abscess)
  3. Healing by fibrosis
  4. Progression to chronic inflammation
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18
Q

Steps in leukocyte recruitment

A

A. Margination

B. Rolling

C. Adhesion

D. Transmigration

E. Chemotaxis

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19
Q

The process of leukocyte accumulation at the periphery of blood vessels

A

margination

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20
Q

Transient binding and detachment of leukocytes to the endothelium, mediated by selectins

A

rolling

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21
Q

Firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium, mediated by integrins

A

adhesion

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22
Q

The process of migration of the leukocytes through the endothelium, mediated by PECAM-1/CD31

A

Transmigration or Diapedesis

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23
Q

Process of leukocyte migration toward sites of infection or injury along a chemical gradient, mediated by exogenous or endogenous substances

A

chemotaxis

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24
Q

what mediates rolling

A

selectins

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25
Q

what mediates adhesion

A

integrins

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26
Q

what mediates transmigration or diapedesis

A

PECAM-1 / CD31

27
Q

Vasoactive amine found in platelets and neuroendocrine cells; causes vasoconstriction

A

Serotonin

28
Q

Type of inflammatory mediators that are produced mainly in the liver, and are present in the circulation as inactive precursors that must be activated by proteolytic cleavage to acquire their biologic properties;

A

Plasma-derived mediators

29
Q

Type of inflammatory mediators that are normally sequestered in intracellular granules, and can be rapidly secreted by granule exocytosis, or are synthesized de novo in response to a stimulus; examples: Histamine, Serotonin, Cytokines, and Arachidonic acid derivatives (Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes)

A

Cell-derived mediators

30
Q

PGI2 (prostacyclin)

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

a.

31
Q

PGE1

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

a.

32
Q

PGE2

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

a

33
Q

PGD2

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

a

34
Q

LTC4

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

c

35
Q

D4

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

c,b

36
Q

E4

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

c,b

37
Q

TXA2

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

b

38
Q

LTC4

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

b.

39
Q

D4

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

b,c

40
Q

E4

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

b,c

41
Q

LTB4

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

d

42
Q

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE)

a. vasodilation
b. vasoconstriction
c. increased vascular permeability
d. chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

d.

43
Q

most abundant complement

A

C3

44
Q

complement that acts as an opsonin

A

C3b

45
Q

anaphylatoxins

A

C3a, C4a, C5a

46
Q

membrane attack complex

A

C5b

C6-c9

47
Q

Deficiency of the following complement-related protein causes hereditary angioedema

A

C1 inhibitor deficiency

48
Q

Deficiency of the following complement protein increases susceptibility to infections involving pyogenic bacteria

A

C3

49
Q

Deficiency of the following complement proteins increases susceptibility to immune complex-mediated disease

A

C1q, C2, C4

50
Q

Deficiency of the following complement proteins increases susceptibility to Neisseria infections

A

C5-C9

51
Q

Main cells involved in chronic inflammation

A

macrophages

lymphocytes

52
Q

Collections of activated macrophages; some of which form multinucleated giant cells, often with T lymphocytes, and sometimes associated with central necrosis

A

granuloma

53
Q

Two kinds of cells seen in granulomas

A
  1. Epithelioid cells

2. Giant cells

54
Q

Type of tissue whose cells can readily regenerate as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved

A

labile tissues

55
Q

Type of tissue whose cells are quiescent and have only minimal replicative activity in their normal state

A

stable tissues

56
Q

Type of tissue whose cells are considered to be terminally differentiated and are non-proliferative in postnatal life

A

permanent tissues

57
Q

Type of repair that happens in labile and stable tissues; influenced by growth factors

A

regeneration

58
Q

Type of repair that happens in chronic, severe inflammation, and in permanent tissues

A

Connective tissue deposition

59
Q

Connective tissue deposition

A

A. Angiogenesis

B. Formation of granulation tissue

C. Remodeling of the scar

60
Q

Most notable growth factor in angiogenesis

A

VEGF

61
Q

Most important cytokine for synthesis and deposition of connective tissue

A

TGF-β

62
Q

Hallmark of repair

A

Granulation tissue

63
Q

Components of granulation tissue

A
  1. Proliferation of fibroblasts
  2. Loose connective tissue
  3. Angiogenesis
  4. Inflammatory cells

TOPNOTCHER PEDIA (30 decks)

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