Inflammation and Immunity Flashcards
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune
Antirheumatic drugs have side effects
Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms
Fever
Malaise
Pain
Weakness
Joint stiffness and swelling
Nodules
Osteoarthritis
Wear and tear or injury
Degenerative disease
Osteoarthritis Symptoms
Painful and still joints
Muscle atrophy
Bone deformity
Crepitus
Viral Infections
- Smaller than bacteria
- Not living
- Require a host cell
- Often systemic infections
Viral infection treatments
supportive care, possibly antivirals depending on the infection
Bacterial Infections
single-celled microorganisms that can live in a variety of environments, including inside the human body.
- Localized infections that spreads
Bacterial Infection Treatments
Antibiottics
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum and lining of the abdominal cavity
- Can be LIFE THREATENING
Causes of Peritonitis
Bowel perforation
Peritoneal dialysis
Perforated diverticula
Ruptured appendix
Surgery
Signs and symptoms of peritonitis
Rigid, board-like abdomen, abd distension
N/V
Rebound tenderness
Fever
Tachycardia
Immediate actions for peritonitis
Call physician, take vital signs, ensure oxygenation
Semi-fowlers
NPO status
Administer antibiotics, fluids, & electrolytes
Prepare patient for surgery if indicated
How is HIV/AIDS spread
Blood, semen, rectal and vaginal fluids, breastmilk
When does HIV become AIDS
occurs when the immune system has been significantly weakened and multiple body systems are affected
Symptoms and progression of HIV/AIDS
Asymptomatic
Fever
Headache
Rash
Sore throat
Progresses to
Swollen lymph nodes
Weight loss
Fever
Diarrhea
Cough
HIV/AIDS Treatment
Antiretroviral therapy but not a cure
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
Causes of Meningitis
Most Common: Contaigous bacterial or viral infections
Others:
Fungi
Parasites
Amoeba
Trauma
Medications
Meningitis Presentation- Infants
Anorexia
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Irritability
Rash
Respiratory symptoms
Meningitis Presentation- Adults
Fever
Headache
Stiff neck
Seizures
Photosensitivity
Meningitis Diagnostics
Lumbar puncture
CSF proteins
Culture
Allergies Clinical Presentation-Localized
Nasal drainage, watery eyes, or sneezing
Allergies Clinical Presentation-Systemic
Rash, hives, redness, itching, swelling, flushing, bronchospasm, wheezing, running nose, and GI manifestations
Anaphylaxis = medical emergency
What does severe anaphylaxis look like?
life-threatening condition- includes bronchospasm, hoarseness, and stridor
Allergies Treatment
Prevention
Medication
Antihistamines
Nasal corticosteroids
Bronchodilators
Adrenergic agonist (Epinephrine)
Allergies Diagnosis
Scratch Test
WBC and diff
Fifths disease cause
Human parvovirus B19 – spread by respiratory droplet
Common in children 5-15 years old
Fifths disease Signs/Symptoms
Low fever, mild cold-like symptoms
Rash: “slapped” cheek appearance on face body
Joint pain
Fifths disease management
Supportive Care
- Risk to pregnant women
Strep throat cause
Group A Streptococcus bacteria
Strep throat symptoms
Sore throat, difficulty swallowing
Fever, swollen lymph nodes
Red, swollen tonsils, often with white patches
Strep throat diagnosis
Rapid strep test
Throat culture if needed
Strep throat treatment
Antibiotics
Pain relief
Strep throat complications
Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Otitis Media (Middle ear infection) cause
Bacterial or viral infections
Otitis Media Symptoms
ear pain, difficulty hearing, fever, fluid drainage from the ear (if eardrum ruptures)
Otitis Media treatment
Antibiotics for bacterial, pain management, ear tubes for recurrent infections
Otitis Externa (Swimmers ear) Cause
Infection of outer ear canal- often caused by water exposure
Otitis Externa Symptoms
ear pain (especially when touched), itching, redness, swelling, discharge from the ear
Otitis Externa Treatment
topical antibiotics or antifungal ear drops, pain relief, avoid water in ear during treatment
Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Why so bad?
Causes widespread airway inflammation
Compromises ability to clear respiratory secretions
Worse with young infants
- Mandatory reportable disease
Pertussis Signs/Symptoms
Paroxysmal cough
Coughing fits followed by “whoop” sound
Pertussis Diagnostics
Nasopharyngeal culture
PCR test
Pertussis treatment
Antibiotics
Supportive therapy
Pertussis Complications
Difficulty breathing d/t mucus accumulation
Risk for secondary infections
Potential respiratory failure in severe cases
Pertussis Prevention
Vaccine
Whose most at risk for pertussis
Infants and children under age 5
Varicella (Chicken Pox) Cause
Viral Infection caused by varicella-zoster virus
- Appears 10-21 days after exposure and last 5-10 days
Varicella signs and symptoms
Rash: raised pink or red bumps - small fluid-filled blisters - Crusts and Scabs
Fever
Headache
Body malaise
Varicella Diagnosis
PCR test + Symptoms
Varicella Treatments
Antiviral therapy if within 24 hours of rash for kids older than 12 years
Comfort measures and trim fingernails
Vaccination=Prevention
High risk for pregnant individuals
Impetigo Causes
Skin infection caused by Staphylococcus and streptococcus pyogenes
Bacteria gets into open area on the skin
Most affects 2-6 year olds but can affect adults too
Impetigo Signs/Symptoms
Mostly on the face and progressive
Itchy, painful red blister or bump (blisters may rupture)
Lesions start to leak honey-colored fluid (Strep) or clear/ pus (staph)
Red patches that crust over with yellowish brown crust
Impetigo Treatments
topical or oral antibiotics
Remove crust prior to applying ointment
Impetigo education to family
Contact precautions
Do not touch area
Family use different linens and hand hygiene
Still contagious within 48hrs of topical and 24 for oral anitbiotics
Fever
- beneficial to immune response
- Treat symptoms not fever
- If fever gets too high kids are at risk for seizures
Roseola
Viral illness
Fever breaks and turns into rash
High fever lasting 3-5 days turns to rash when fever goes away
Treat symptoms -> Keep kids comfortable
Neonatal Fever
- Rectal temp 100.4 F or higher in infant 3 months or younger
- Any fever at this age should be seen by ER or doctor
- Can indicate early or late-onset sepsis
Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash)
Inflammation of the skin in the diaper area d/t moisture, friction and contact with urine and stool
Diaper Dermatitis Treatment
Treatment:
Keep area clean and dry as possible
Frequent diaper changes
Water wipes or mild cleanser
Barrier cream containing zinc oxide
