Inflammation (Acute and Chronic)

Question 1

what are the 5 typical steps of inflammatory reaction

Answer 1

1. recognition of injurious agent
2. recruitment of leukocytes
3. removal of injurious agent
4. regulation or control of response: switch inflammatory -> anti-inflammatory signals
5. resolution (repair)

Question 2

neutrophils cause tissue damage by releasing

Answer 2

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Question 3

which cells are responsible for changes in vascular permeability

Answer 3

endothelial cells

Question 4

multinucleated histiocytes are involved in formation of what

Answer 4

granulomatous inflammation

Question 5

what are the functions of a macrophage

Answer 5

• ingest microbes and damaged cells
• produce IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1
• produce growth factors that aid in repair

Question 6

what are the functions of a neutrophil

Answer 6

• activated phagocytes and macrophages
• kill by ROS
• release IL-8

Question 7

what is detected in 90% of gastric ulcers patients who are not NSAID users?

Answer 7

Helicobacter pylori

Question 8

what is chemotaxis?

Answer 8

chemical signals that cause immune cells to migrate to a site of injury or infection

Question 9

what bacteria is associated with toxic shock syndrome

Answer 9

S. aureus

Question 10

TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 can cause the brain to have what systemic protective effect?

Answer 10

fever

Question 11

IL-1 and IL-6 can cause the liver to have what systemic protective effect?

Answer 11

release acute phase proteins

Question 12

TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 can cause the bone marrow to have what systemic protective effect?

Answer 12

leukocyte production

Question 13

TNF can cause the heart to have what systemic pathologic effect?

Answer 13

low output

Question 14

TNF can cause what systemic pathologic effect in endothelial cells/blood vessels

Answer 14

increased permeability and thrombus

Question 15

TNF can cause what systemic pathologic effect in multiple tissues (ie skeletal muscle)

Answer 15

insulin resistance

Question 16

Inflammation is a protective response and terminates with removal of

Answer 16

offending agents and dead tissue

Question 17

what are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 17

• resolution
• healing by fibrosis
• chronic inflammation

Question 18

what is the cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation?

Answer 18

mainly neutrophils, but also macrophages

Question 19

what is the cellular infiltrate in chronic inflammation?

Answer 19

monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 20

primary mediators of acute inflammation

Answer 20

vasodilators and chemokines

Question 21

primary mediators of chronic inflammation

Answer 21

cytokines, growth factors, ROS

Question 22

contrasts local and systemic signs seen in acute inflammation versus chronic

Answer 22

acute: prominent
chronic: less

Question 23

causative agents of acute inflammation

Answer 23

pathogens and injured tissue

Question 24

contrast tissue injury and fibrosis in acute versus chronic inflammation

Answer 24

acute: usually mild and self limited
chronic: often severe and progressive

Question 25

cavitary means “having a cavity”

what might a cavitary lesion suggest

Answer 25

chronic process

Question 26

granulomas consist of

Answer 26

T-lymphocytes activated macrophages which are transformed into epitheloid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells

Question 27

granulomas form as an attempt to

Answer 27

wall off the damage

Question 28

in hypersensitivity diseases, the immune reactions such as inflammation are problematic because

Answer 28

they serve no useful purpose/only cause disease and are hard to control

Question 29

the classic pathway for macrophage function can be incited by microbes and cytokine (IFN-γ), which results in

Answer 29

inflammation and tissue injury

Question 30

the alternative pathway for macrophage function (less common) can be incited by IL-4 and cytokines, which results in

Answer 30

repair (growth factors etc)

Question 31

chronic inflammation can lead to cancer by

Answer 31

• increase DNA damage (free radicals)
• inhibit apoptosis
• increase cell proliferation

Question 32

what is unique about a foreign body granuloma?

Answer 32

T-lymphocytes are not involved in the process and instead is mediated by macrophages