Inflammation (Acute and Chronic) Flashcards
what are the 5 typical steps of inflammatory reaction
- recognition of injurious agent
- recruitment of leukocytes
- removal of injurious agent
- regulation or control of response: switch inflammatory -> anti-inflammatory signals
- resolution (repair)
neutrophils cause tissue damage by releasing
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
which cells are responsible for changes in vascular permeability
endothelial cells
multinucleated histiocytes are involved in formation of what
granulomatous inflammation
what are the functions of a macrophage
- ingest microbes and damaged cells
- produce IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1
- produce growth factors that aid in repair
what are the functions of a neutrophil
- activated phagocytes and macrophages
- kill by ROS
- release IL-8
what is detected in 90% of gastric ulcers patients who are not NSAID users?
Helicobacter pylori
what is chemotaxis?
chemical signals that cause immune cells to migrate to a site of injury or infection
what bacteria is associated with toxic shock syndrome
S. aureus
TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 can cause the brain to have what systemic protective effect?
fever
IL-1 and IL-6 can cause the liver to have what systemic protective effect?
release acute phase proteins
TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 can cause the bone marrow to have what systemic protective effect?
leukocyte production
TNF can cause the heart to have what systemic pathologic effect?
low output
TNF can cause what systemic pathologic effect in endothelial cells/blood vessels
increased permeability and thrombus
TNF can cause what systemic pathologic effect in multiple tissues (ie skeletal muscle)
insulin resistance
Inflammation is a protective response and terminates with removal of
offending agents and dead tissue
what are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation?
- resolution
- healing by fibrosis
- chronic inflammation
what is the cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation?
mainly neutrophils, but also macrophages
what is the cellular infiltrate in chronic inflammation?
monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
primary mediators of acute inflammation
vasodilators and chemokines
primary mediators of chronic inflammation
cytokines, growth factors, ROS
contrasts local and systemic signs seen in acute inflammation versus chronic
acute: prominent
chronic: less
causative agents of acute inflammation
pathogens and injured tissue
contrast tissue injury and fibrosis in acute versus chronic inflammation
acute: usually mild and self limited
chronic: often severe and progressive
cavitary means “having a cavity”
what might a cavitary lesion suggest
chronic process
granulomas consist of
T-lymphocytes activated macrophages which are transformed into epitheloid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells
granulomas form as an attempt to
wall off the damage
in hypersensitivity diseases, the immune reactions such as inflammation are problematic because
they serve no useful purpose/only cause disease and are hard to control
the classic pathway for macrophage function can be incited by microbes and cytokine (IFN-γ), which results in
inflammation and tissue injury
the alternative pathway for macrophage function (less common) can be incited by IL-4 and cytokines, which results in
repair (growth factors etc)
chronic inflammation can lead to cancer by
- increase DNA damage (free radicals)
- inhibit apoptosis
- increase cell proliferation
what is unique about a foreign body granuloma?
T-lymphocytes are not involved in the process and instead is mediated by macrophages
