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FStCP 1 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Where are lymphoid immune cells made?

A

Thymus

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2
Q

Where are myeloid immune cells made?

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells?

A
  • Pathogen recognition

- T-cell activation

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4
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A
  • Phagocytosis

- Bactericidal killing e.g. respiratory burst

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5
Q

What is the role of macrophages?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Bactericidal killing e.g. nitric oxide production
  • T-cell activation
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6
Q

What is the role of CD4+ T-cells?

A

T-helper cells produce cytokines to activate macrophages and B cells and to regulate the immune response

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7
Q

What is the roll of CD8+ T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells recognise and kill infected cells in a specific manner. They also produce cytokines.

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8
Q

What is the role of B cells?

A

Plasma cells synthesise and secrete antibodies

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9
Q

What are the five pillars of inflammation?

A

1) Heat (calor)
2) Redness (rubor)
3) Swelling (tumor)
4) Pain (dolor)
5) Loss of function (functio laesa

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10
Q

What are the four phases of inflammation?

A

1) Initiation
2) Amplification
3) Destruction
4) Termination

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11
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns are conserved pathogen structures that PRRs in the innate immune system are able to detect

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12
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

Danger Associated Molecular Patterns are exogenous danger signals that PRRs in the innate immune system are able to detect

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13
Q

What are PRRs able to detect?

A
  • PAMPs
  • Endogenous signals
  • DAMPs
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14
Q

Why does the innate immune system focus on molecular patterns rather than specifics?

A

Because microbes evolve so rapidly, it must focus on the highly conserved and essential components of microbes (PAMPs).

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15
Q

What are the four key families of PRR?

A

1) Toll-like receptors (transmembrane receptors)
2) Rigl-like receptors (cytoplasmic RNA helicases)
3) NOD-like receptors (cytoplasmic sensors)
4) C-type lectin receptors (transmembrane receptors)

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16
Q

What are the ‘big five’ inflammatory cytokines?

A
  • TNFα
  • IL-1β
  • IL-6
  • IL-8/CXCL8
  • IL-12
17
Q

What are the roles of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6?

A
  • Upregulate vascular adhesion molecules
  • Cause vasodilation
  • Induce maturation of dendritic cells
18
Q

What can IL-6 not do?

A

Increase vascular permeability

19
Q

What are the five inflammatory cascades?

A

1) Complement
2) Coagulation
3) Bradykinin
4) Arachidonic acid
5) Free radicals

20
Q

What is respiratory burst?

A

When oxygen free-radicals are produced to assist with the destruction of pathogens after ingestion from neutrophils

21
Q

What causes mast cells and tissue basophils to release their granular contents?

A
  • Tissue damage
  • Low oxygen tension
  • Interaction with an antigen to cell surface receptor (C3a and C5a receptors)
22
Q

What cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Plasma cells
  • Fibroblasts
23
Q

What do you see in acute inflammation that isn’t present in chronic?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Vascular damage
  • Exudation (swelling)
  • Little to no fibrosis
  • Flush, flare and wheal
24
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

A distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation which is a protective response to chronic infection or foreign material. It aims to prevent dissemination (spread) and restricts inflammation.

25
Q

In what conditions does granulomatous inflammation occur?

A
  • Fungal infections
  • Tuberculosis
  • Leprosy
  • Schistomiasis
  • Foreign material
  • Autoimmune disease
26
Q

What are the three features of adaptive immunity?

A

1) Specificity
2) Diversity
3) Memory

27
Q

What are the roles of T cells?

A
  • Kills pathogens by cytotoxicity
  • Activates macrophages and NK cells
  • Makes cytokines
  • Helps and inhibits other lymphocytes (though other cytokines)

FStCP 1 (4 decks)

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