Inflammation Flashcards
Where are lymphoid immune cells made?
Thymus
Where are myeloid immune cells made?
Bone marrow
What is the role of dendritic cells?
- Pathogen recognition
- T-cell activation
What is the role of neutrophils?
- Phagocytosis
- Bactericidal killing e.g. respiratory burst
What is the role of macrophages?
- Phagocytosis
- Bactericidal killing e.g. nitric oxide production
- T-cell activation
What is the role of CD4+ T-cells?
T-helper cells produce cytokines to activate macrophages and B cells and to regulate the immune response
What is the roll of CD8+ T cells?
Cytotoxic T cells recognise and kill infected cells in a specific manner. They also produce cytokines.
What is the role of B cells?
Plasma cells synthesise and secrete antibodies
What are the five pillars of inflammation?
1) Heat (calor)
2) Redness (rubor)
3) Swelling (tumor)
4) Pain (dolor)
5) Loss of function (functio laesa
What are the four phases of inflammation?
1) Initiation
2) Amplification
3) Destruction
4) Termination
What are PAMPs?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns are conserved pathogen structures that PRRs in the innate immune system are able to detect
What are DAMPs?
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns are exogenous danger signals that PRRs in the innate immune system are able to detect
What are PRRs able to detect?
- PAMPs
- Endogenous signals
- DAMPs
Why does the innate immune system focus on molecular patterns rather than specifics?
Because microbes evolve so rapidly, it must focus on the highly conserved and essential components of microbes (PAMPs).
What are the four key families of PRR?
1) Toll-like receptors (transmembrane receptors)
2) Rigl-like receptors (cytoplasmic RNA helicases)
3) NOD-like receptors (cytoplasmic sensors)
4) C-type lectin receptors (transmembrane receptors)
What are the ‘big five’ inflammatory cytokines?
- TNFα
- IL-1β
- IL-6
- IL-8/CXCL8
- IL-12
What are the roles of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6?
- Upregulate vascular adhesion molecules
- Cause vasodilation
- Induce maturation of dendritic cells
What can IL-6 not do?
Increase vascular permeability
What are the five inflammatory cascades?
1) Complement
2) Coagulation
3) Bradykinin
4) Arachidonic acid
5) Free radicals
What is respiratory burst?
When oxygen free-radicals are produced to assist with the destruction of pathogens after ingestion from neutrophils
What causes mast cells and tissue basophils to release their granular contents?
- Tissue damage
- Low oxygen tension
- Interaction with an antigen to cell surface receptor (C3a and C5a receptors)
What cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
- Lymphocytes
- Macrophages
- Plasma cells
- Fibroblasts
What do you see in acute inflammation that isn’t present in chronic?
- Neutrophils
- Vascular damage
- Exudation (swelling)
- Little to no fibrosis
- Flush, flare and wheal
What is granulomatous inflammation?
A distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation which is a protective response to chronic infection or foreign material. It aims to prevent dissemination (spread) and restricts inflammation.
In what conditions does granulomatous inflammation occur?
- Fungal infections
- Tuberculosis
- Leprosy
- Schistomiasis
- Foreign material
- Autoimmune disease
What are the three features of adaptive immunity?
1) Specificity
2) Diversity
3) Memory
What are the roles of T cells?
- Kills pathogens by cytotoxicity
- Activates macrophages and NK cells
- Makes cytokines
- Helps and inhibits other lymphocytes (though other cytokines)
