Inflammation Flashcards
1
Q
The six effects of stress and injury on individual cells
A
- Reduced Energy Production
- Damage to cell membranes
- Increased cytosolic calcium concentration
- Damage due to free radicals
- Damage to Proteins
- Damage to Nuclear or mitochondrial DNA
2
Q
Three effects of reduced energy production
A
- Reduces energy availabe to repair damaged DNA and proteins
- Reduced energy for membrane ion pumps resulting in cell swelling and influx of Ca2+ leading to activation of destructive calcium-dependent kinases
- Reduced energy availability for protein synthesis causing detachment of ribosomes
3
Q
Five effects of damage to cell membranes
A
- Loss of cellular contents
- Less functional transmembrane pumps
- Lysosomal membrane leakage -> autolysis
- Decreased content of phospholipids
- Formation of nonselective high-conductance channels
4
Q
Four enzymes activated by calcium
A
ATPases, Phospholiapases, Endonucleases, Proteases
5
Q
Five causes of ROS generation
A
Reperfusion, oxygen toxicity, ionising radiation, enzymatic metabolism, inflammation
6
Q
Four enzymes which inhibit free radical production
A
Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidases
7
Q
Three effects of ROS
A
Lipid peroxidation, oxidising amino acid residues, reaction with thymine in DNA and mtDNA
8
Q
Three adaptive responses to mild injurious agents/stressors
A
Hypertrophy/Hyperplasia, Atrophy, Metaplasia
9
Q
9 Stages of Acute inflammation
A
- Pro-inflammatory substances released
- Blood vessels dilation and increased permeability
- Blood flow increases to damaged tissues and slows down
- Expression of cell adhesion molecules
- Neutrophils adhere to the endothelial wall
- Neutrophils are activated
- Migrate towards damaged tissues by chemotaxis
- Neutrophils attack cause of inflammation
- Stimulus is removed or moves on to chronic inflammation
