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Patho Exam 1 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

The cell that is first responder in acute inflammation

A

neutrophil

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2
Q

____ is a rapid response to injurious agent that delivers mediators of host defense-especially leukocytes and plasma proteins to the site of injury

A

acute inflammation

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3
Q

The first step of inflammation is recognition of the offending agent-the second is recruitment of WBCs and plasma proteins from circulation to area of injury–what are the 3 steps in recruitment?

A

1-vasodilation and increased blood flow
2-increased vascular permeability
3-emigration of WBCs from circulation, their accumulation at site of injury and their activation to eliminate offending agent

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4
Q

What are the 2 advantages of inflammation?

A

1-neutralize or remove the offending item

2-take part in healing and repair (required for)

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of inflammation?

A

calor, rubor, tumor, dolor

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6
Q

What are the 4 causes of inflammation?

A

1-infection and microbial toxins
2-tissue necrosis
3-foreign bodies
4-immune targets including autoimmunity

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7
Q

Arterioles first ___ to decrease blood loss but then ____ in response to histamine and nitrous oxide to increase blood flow

A

vasoconstrict; vasodilate

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8
Q

_____ allows the outpouring of protein rich fluid into nearby tissue and concentrates RBCs in small vessels which helps to slow blood flow (stasis)

A

increased vascular permeability

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9
Q

Dolor is from the stimulation of specialized receptors by mediators, especially ____

A

bradykinin

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10
Q

Both endogenous and exogenous chemoattracts signal for ___ to activate and migrate to area of injury

A

neutrophil

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11
Q

____ granules contain bactericidal chemical, free radicals, collagenase, and elastase and are made more destruction

A

lysosomal

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12
Q

____ engulf microbes and/or infected cells and then bind with ____ in order to destruct

A

phagocytes; lysosomes

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13
Q

___ are produced by neutrophils which lose their nuclei and die; they prevent the spread of microbes by trapping them and provide a high concentration of antimicrobial substances

A

NETs

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14
Q

____ carry away the fluid from an inflamed area as well as carry bacteria to a lymph node where it can be filtered out

A

lymphatics

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15
Q

____ and ___ are two major cytokines that are anti-inflammatory mediators involved in termination of inflammation as well as key in wounds and wound healing

A

TGFbeta and IL-10

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16
Q

___ are anti-inflammatory cells released by the Lipoxygenase arachidonic pathway

A

lipoxins

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17
Q

___ are chemotaxic agents that help to get anti-inflammatory cells where they are needed within the body; they are products of the lipoxygenase arachidonic pathway

A

leukotrienes

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18
Q

____ are proteins produced y many cell types that modulate function of other cell types

A

cytokines

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19
Q

___ inflammation happens when cells are poor in fluid and not infected; they tend to be milder inflammation; blisters

A

serous

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20
Q

___ inflammation is due to marked increase in vascular permeability or local procoagulant stimulus allowing fibrinogen to exit circulation; exudate–rich in fibrin; often occurs in the pleura, peritoneum, or pericardium

A

fibrinous

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21
Q

___ inflammation is from pyogenic bacterial infections; involves pus and abscesses

A

suppurative

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22
Q

___ inflammation is from mucous membranes, it is high in mucous content; runny nose

A

catarrhal

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23
Q

___ and ___ are local defects of skin or mucous membranes from shedding of necrotic tissue as a consequence of inflammation

A

ulcers and erosions

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24
Q

___ inflammation is a localized chronic inflammatory response to something the body can’t get rid of

A

granulomatous

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25
Q

A ___ is akin to an abscess but is serous fluid not pus-filled; it normally follows a surgical procedure and is often drained even though it is sterile due to the possibility of infection

A

seroma

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26
Q

____ are a local defect or excavation of the surface of a tissue produced by the shedding of inflamed necrotic tissue; tend not to heal spontaneously; go through basement membrane; often in GI, GU tracts and the skin

A

ulcers

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27
Q

____ is an acute, overwhelming infection without clear borders that spreads along skin or subcutaneous tissues; often caused by Group A strep or staph; there is no abscess formation

A

cellulitis

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28
Q

an ___ is a collection of fluid in a body cavity

A

effusion

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29
Q

____ is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, it is a clear fluid with low protein content

A

transudate

30
Q

___ is caused by inflammation and is a cloudy fluid with a high protein content

A

exudate

31
Q

____ is a purulent effusion–an infected effusion

A

empyema

32
Q

a ____ effusion is a transudate with mainly edema fluid and few cells; it is usually a yellow fluid

A

serous effusion

33
Q

a ___ effusion is lymph material, usually yellow-orange, and is often from a ruptured thoracic duct

A

chylous

34
Q

a ____ effusion has RBC’s present but is not hemorrhagic; it is a reddish fluid and is often seen in cancer

A

serosanguineous

35
Q

a ___ effusion is blood and blood clots due to trauma

A

hemorrhagic

36
Q

a ___ effusion is greenish yellow and represents cholestrol

A

pseudochylous

37
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

1-complete resolution
2-healing by fibrosis or scarring (form adhesions)
3-progression to chronic inflammation (abscess, ulcers)

38
Q

_____ tissue is a proliferation of local fibroblastic tissue; it provides both healing and sealing functions

A

granulation

39
Q

granulation tissue removes ___ absorbable tissue such as dead or infarcted tissue

A

aseptic

40
Q

granulation tissue does not remove ___tissue; that tissue may form an abscess or can create adhesions (organized granulation tissue and organized fibrinous exudate)

A

septic

41
Q

____ inflammation occurs over weeks to months to years where inflammation, tissue injury, and repair are occurring all at once

A

chronic

42
Q

Does chronic inflammation require a preceding acute inflammation?

A

NO

43
Q

What are the 3 common causes of chronic inflammation?

A

1-persistent infections by microbes that are hard to eradicate
2-hypersensitivity diseases
3-prolonged exposure to toxic agents

44
Q

What are the 6 cell types present in chronic inflammation?

A

macrophages, T cells, B cells, plasma cells, eosinophils, mast cells

45
Q

When the body attempts to heal chronic inflammation by connective tissue replacement of the damaged tissue, it lays down collagen–this is called

A

fibrosis

46
Q

Granulomatous inflammation is divided into what 3 types?

A

1-foreign body type
2-immune/infectious type
3-unknown (non-caseating granulomas)

47
Q

What are the cells responsible for walling off the offending material in granulomatous inflammation?

A

epithelioid histiocytes

48
Q

Chronic inflammation leading to fibrosis is an outcome of acute inflammation where collagen is produced to fill the damaged space–this is stimulated by ___

A

fibroblasts

49
Q

a systemic response to insult (SIRS) is defined by what 4 things?

A

1-temperature >38C or 90bpm
3-respiratory rate >20
4-WBC >12,000 with left shift

50
Q

____ is an invasion of a sterile tissue by organisms

A

infection

51
Q

____ is presence of microbes in an area without invasion or inflammatory response

A

colonization

52
Q

____ is bacteria in blood

A

bacteremia

53
Q

____ is SIRS plus signs of infection

A

sepsis

54
Q

____ is sepsis and organ dysfunction often with some hypotension

A

severe sepsis

55
Q

___ is sepsis plus hypotension not responsive to fluids; often have DIC and hypoglycemia

A

septic shock

56
Q

The acute phase response mediates systemic effects of inflammation by allowing the complex interaction of cytokines, especially ___, ____, ____, and ____

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and interferon

57
Q

____ proteins are proteins that increase or decrease by 25% in response to inflammatory stimuli, mainly produced by the liver

A

acute phase

58
Q

____ is an increased white blood cell count

A

leukocytosis

59
Q

____ is the appearance of less mature neutrophils than normal

A

left shift

60
Q

_____ produced at the site of infection stimulate production of WBCs by the bone marrow

A

colony stimulating factors

61
Q

If there is an overwhelming infection and in certain infections the WBC count may decrease which is called ___

A

leukopenia

62
Q

___ is increased neutrophils seen in most BACTERIAL infections

A

neutrophilia

63
Q

___ is increased lymphocyte count seen in VIRAL infections

A

lymphocytosis

64
Q

___ is increased eosinophil count seen in asthma, allergies, and parasitic infections

A

eosinophilia

65
Q

___ are a family of apolipoproteins that associate with HDL after production; they may influence cholestrol metabolism; may influence adhesion and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells; in chronic conditions they accumulate and become a tissue dysfunction called amyloidosis

A

serum amyloid A proteins

66
Q

___ is an acute phase protein that binds to phosphocoline and increases recognition of pathogens by immune cells; activates the complement system; has a proinflammatory response in some cases but also anti-inflammatory action

A

C reactive protein

67
Q

____ is an acute phase protein that influences wound healing by increasing various stages of healing

A

fibrinogen

68
Q

___ regulates iron and chronic elevation leads to reduction in availability of iron from iron stores

A

hepcidin

69
Q

____ is a major inhibitor of proteases and its deficiency allows uninhibited action of proteases which causes lung destruction and sometimes in liver

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

70
Q

When acute phase reactants are chronically activated they can cause what 3 things?

A

1-anemia
2-impaired growth and muscle wasting
3-amyloidosis

Patho Exam 1 (5 decks)

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