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Pathology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first person to describe the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Celsus

The four cardinal signs are rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain).

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2
Q

What is the fifth clinical sign of inflammation added by Rudolf Virchow?

A

Loss of function (function laesa)

This sign highlights the impact of inflammation on the function of affected tissues.

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3
Q

What process did Elit Metchnikof discover?

A

Phagocytosis

This process involves the ingestion of pathogens by immune cells.

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4
Q

What mediates the vascular changes of inflammation according to Sis uhomas Lewis?

A

Chemical substances such as histamine

Histamine is produced locally in response to injury.

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5
Q

What hallmark feature characterizes acute inflammation?

A

Increased vascular permeability

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6
Q

What is the most common mechanism of increased vascular permeability?

A

Endothelial cell contraction

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7
Q

What are selectins responsible for in the context of inflammation?

A

‘Rolling’ of leukocytes

Selectins play a key role in the initial steps of leukocyte adhesion.

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8
Q

What are integrins required for in the inflammatory response?

A

Adhesion of leukocytes

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9
Q

What molecule is required for transmigration (diapedesis) of leukocytes?

A

PECAM molecule or CD31

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10
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Single direction targeted movement of WBCs

This movement is influenced by exogenous or endogenous molecules.

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11
Q

What are opsonins?

A

Special chemicals required for opsonisation

Examples include complement proteins like C3b, lectins, and antibodies.

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12
Q

What types of receptors are involved in phagocytosis?

A

Mannose receptors, scavenger receptors, receptors for opsonins

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13
Q

What is the most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils?

A

H,°,-MPO-halide system

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14
Q

What test is used to monitor the functioning of phagocytes?

A

Nitroblue tetrazolium test

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15
Q

What are neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS)?

A

Extracellular fibrillar networks that provide antimicrobial substances

They are produced by neutrophils in response to chemicals.

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16
Q

What is a characteristic of ‘cold abscesses’?

A

Lack classic features of acute inflammation such as warmth and redness

17
Q

What is the most important chemical mediator of acute inflammation?

A

Histamine

18
Q

From which essential fatty acid is arachidonic acid derived?

A

Linoleic acid

19
Q

What role do prostaglandins play in inflammation?

A

Involvement in the pathogenesis of pain and fever

PGE2 is specifically noted for its hyperalgesic effect.

20
Q

What do lipoxins do during inflammation?

A

Suppress inflammation by inhibiting leukocyte recruitment

21
Q

What does the ‘C’ in CRP stand for?

A

Carbohydrate antigen of pneumococcus

22
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins do complement proteins constitute?

A

5-10%

23
Q

What does Eculizumab prevent?

A

Conversion of C5 to C5a

24
Q

What is the commonest type of acute inflammation?

A

Catarrhal inflammation

25
Q

Name some anti-inflammatory cytokines.

A
  • Adiponectin
  • IL-10
  • IL-6
  • IL-4
  • TGF beta
26
Q

What tissues have a limited capacity to regenerate after injury?

A

Stable tissues

The liver is an exception.

27
Q

What is not seen in acute inflammation?

A

Granuloma formation

28
Q

What is a common cause of necrotizing granuloma?

A
  • TB
  • Syphilis
  • Histoplasma
  • Cat’s scratch disease
  • Wegner’s granulomatosis
  • RA
  • Hodgkin’s disease
  • Byssinosis
29
Q

Important macrophages include which of the following?

A
  • Histiocytes
  • Kupffer cells
  • Osteoclasts
  • Mesangial cells
  • Hoffbauer cells
  • Littoral cells
  • Type A synoviocytes
30
Q

What are the components of the basement membrane?

A
  • Laminin
  • Collagen IV
  • Fibronectin
  • Tenascin
  • Entactin
  • Proteoglycans (perlecan)
31
Q

What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the basement membrane?

A

Laminin

32
Q

What causes degradation of the basement membrane?

A

Metalloproteinases

33
Q

What type of collagen is found in hyaline articular cartilage?

A

Type II

34
Q

What is regeneration in the context of tissue healing?

A

Replacement of lost tissue by living tissue of similar kind

35
Q

What is granulation tissue formed by?

A

Budding of new capillaries (neovascularization)

36
Q

What is the sequence of appearance of cells in wound healing?

A
  • Platelets
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Fibroblasts
37
Q

What causes fibrosis?

A

TGF-ß

Pathology (3 decks)

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