Inflammation Flashcards
Who was the first person to describe the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
Celsus
The four cardinal signs are rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain).
What is the fifth clinical sign of inflammation added by Rudolf Virchow?
Loss of function (function laesa)
This sign highlights the impact of inflammation on the function of affected tissues.
What process did Elit Metchnikof discover?
Phagocytosis
This process involves the ingestion of pathogens by immune cells.
What mediates the vascular changes of inflammation according to Sis uhomas Lewis?
Chemical substances such as histamine
Histamine is produced locally in response to injury.
What hallmark feature characterizes acute inflammation?
Increased vascular permeability
What is the most common mechanism of increased vascular permeability?
Endothelial cell contraction
What are selectins responsible for in the context of inflammation?
‘Rolling’ of leukocytes
Selectins play a key role in the initial steps of leukocyte adhesion.
What are integrins required for in the inflammatory response?
Adhesion of leukocytes
What molecule is required for transmigration (diapedesis) of leukocytes?
PECAM molecule or CD31
What is chemotaxis?
Single direction targeted movement of WBCs
This movement is influenced by exogenous or endogenous molecules.
What are opsonins?
Special chemicals required for opsonisation
Examples include complement proteins like C3b, lectins, and antibodies.
What types of receptors are involved in phagocytosis?
Mannose receptors, scavenger receptors, receptors for opsonins
What is the most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils?
H,°,-MPO-halide system
What test is used to monitor the functioning of phagocytes?
Nitroblue tetrazolium test
What are neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS)?
Extracellular fibrillar networks that provide antimicrobial substances
They are produced by neutrophils in response to chemicals.
What is a characteristic of ‘cold abscesses’?
Lack classic features of acute inflammation such as warmth and redness
What is the most important chemical mediator of acute inflammation?
Histamine
From which essential fatty acid is arachidonic acid derived?
Linoleic acid
What role do prostaglandins play in inflammation?
Involvement in the pathogenesis of pain and fever
PGE2 is specifically noted for its hyperalgesic effect.
What do lipoxins do during inflammation?
Suppress inflammation by inhibiting leukocyte recruitment
What does the ‘C’ in CRP stand for?
Carbohydrate antigen of pneumococcus
What percentage of plasma proteins do complement proteins constitute?
5-10%
What does Eculizumab prevent?
Conversion of C5 to C5a
What is the commonest type of acute inflammation?
Catarrhal inflammation
Name some anti-inflammatory cytokines.
- Adiponectin
- IL-10
- IL-6
- IL-4
- TGF beta
What tissues have a limited capacity to regenerate after injury?
Stable tissues
The liver is an exception.
What is not seen in acute inflammation?
Granuloma formation
What is a common cause of necrotizing granuloma?
- TB
- Syphilis
- Histoplasma
- Cat’s scratch disease
- Wegner’s granulomatosis
- RA
- Hodgkin’s disease
- Byssinosis
Important macrophages include which of the following?
- Histiocytes
- Kupffer cells
- Osteoclasts
- Mesangial cells
- Hoffbauer cells
- Littoral cells
- Type A synoviocytes
What are the components of the basement membrane?
- Laminin
- Collagen IV
- Fibronectin
- Tenascin
- Entactin
- Proteoglycans (perlecan)
What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the basement membrane?
Laminin
What causes degradation of the basement membrane?
Metalloproteinases
What type of collagen is found in hyaline articular cartilage?
Type II
What is regeneration in the context of tissue healing?
Replacement of lost tissue by living tissue of similar kind
What is granulation tissue formed by?
Budding of new capillaries (neovascularization)
What is the sequence of appearance of cells in wound healing?
- Platelets
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages
- Fibroblasts
What causes fibrosis?
TGF-ß
