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Immunology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What do lectins do?

A

bind sugars on pathogen surfaces

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2
Q

What are toll like receptors?

A

they recognise different pathogens, TLR signalling switches on cytokine production, play a central role in activating macrophages and neutrophils

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3
Q

What does MHC I bind to?

A

CD8

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4
Q

What does MHC II bind to?

A

CD4

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5
Q

What is inflammation?

A

response to infection, damage/ trauma

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6
Q

What is inflammation characterised by?

A

calor (heat), dollar (pain), rubor (redness), tumour (swelling)

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7
Q

What is Acute inflammation?

A

local reaction. movement of proteins and cells from blood to tissue, predominantly neutrophils -> leads to resolution

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8
Q

What is Chronic inflammation?

A

prolonged inflammation, non- resolving, leads to loss of function, due to persistent inflammatory cells and mediators

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9
Q

What regulates an inflammatory response?

A

pro inflammatory eg’s: histamine, complement (c3a and c5a)
anti inflammatory: adrenaline and noradrenaline, cAMP

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10
Q

What are PRR’s and PAMPs?

A
  • pattern recognition receptors
    -pathogen associated molecular patterns
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11
Q

Where do PRRs bind to?

A

PAMPs
PRRs on the surface of phagocyte bind to PAMPS on the surface of pathogens

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12
Q

What does the binding of PRR and PAMP do?

A

-triggers the internalisation of the pathogen in the phagosome
-NADPH oxidase becomes activated and produces reactive oxygen species
-ROS are highly toxic to pathogens

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13
Q

What is oxidative burst?

A

rapid release of reactive oxygen species, mechanism of the innate immune response

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14
Q

What happens after oxidative burst?

A

inflammation

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15
Q

What do inflammatory cytokines and chemokine do?

A

-act on blood vessels, causes fluid and proteins to come out of the blood (exudate - fluid),
-inflammatory cells migrate into tissue- cause pain

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16
Q

What are TLRS?

A

toll like receptors - also part of pre family

17
Q

What is a function of TLRs?

A

recognise wide range of PAMPs, sense infection

18
Q

Explain dimerisation of TLR-1 and TLR-2 and its function:

A

TLR-1 and 2 are joined by a lipopeptide = dimerisation (heterodimer)
This causes cell activation

19
Q

Why is TLR-4 dimerisation different?

A

TLR-4 can make a dimer with itself and is joined by LPS (homodimer)

20
Q

Describe the steps in inflammatory cytokine production:

A
  • TLR4- main receptor that detects LPS (PAMP)
    -forms TLR4/MD2 complex, CD14 binds to LPS and presents it to TLR4/MD2 complex
    -TLR4 recruits MyD88
    -MyD88 recruits IRAK4 which becomes phosphorylated and activates other signalling molecules
    -IRAK4 phosphorylates TRAF6
    -TRAF6 activates IKK which frees NF-kB from its inhibitor (IkB)
    -NF-kB enters nucleus and binds to promoter regions of specific genes that code for pro inflammatory cytokines -> triggers transcription
    -MRNA is translated into proteins -> cytokines are secreted by macrophages
  • cytokines: increase vascular permeability, recruit additional immune cells = resolution
21
Q

What does complement activation do?

A

1) recruits inflammatory cells
2) opsonises pathogens
3) kills pathogens

22
Q

Where does C3b bind to ?

A

surface components of pathogen -> opsonisation

23
Q

What is the function of C3a?

A

recruits phagocytes

24
Q

What are the main classes of PRRs?

A

1) TLRs- found on cell surface and in endosomes of immune cells
2)Nod Like Receptors NLRs- found in cytoplasm of immune cells
3)CLRs - found on surface of dendritic cells

25
Q

What do C3a and C5a activate?

A

Mast cells

26
Q

What do mast cells do?

A
  • found in tissues and sub mucosae
  • release inflammatory cytokines
27
Q

What are some examples of inflammatory mediators?

A
  • cytokines, chemokines, complement, lipid mediators
28
Q

What is an example of an induced innate response?

A

macrophages secrete cytokines such as IL-6 that activate lymphocytes, increase antibody production and induce acute phase protein production

29
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

substances that induce fever by triggering body thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus

30
Q

What is an example of a pyrogen?

A

TNF-alpha

31
Q

What is tethering and rolling in adhesion dependant cell recruitment?

A

weak interactions between selectins on endothelial cells and carbohydrate ligands on leukocytes -> allows leukocytes to roll along blood vessel wall

32
Q

What occurs after tethering and rolling?

A

Chemokines bind to leukocytes which activates integrins on leukocyte surface -> moves leukocytes from low affinity state to high affinity state

33
Q

What is firm adhesion?

A

integrin activation mediates firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells by binding immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF)
- high affinity binding between interns and IgSF molecules = firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial surface -> stops rolling and anchors leukocytes at site of inflammation

34
Q

What is Diapedesis/ Transmigration?

A

When leukocytes migrate across endothelial barrier to the inflamed tissue -> they are guided by chemokines and other tissue signals

35
Q

Give some examples of integrin-IgSF binding:

A

1)LFA-1 and ICAM-1
MAC-1 and ICAM-2

36
Q

What is Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

A

1) LAD 1= lack of CD18 (integrin chain)
2) LAD 2 = poor glycosylation -> recurrent bacterial infections

Immunology (6 decks)

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