Inflammation Flashcards
What are the functions of chemokines?
Small proteins (sub-class of cytokines which are signalling molecules) that function to recruit more immune cells
What is the effect of histamine?
Vasodilation, increased permeability
What are the pro-inflammatory cytokines?
TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6, IL-23
Which cytokines are anti-inflammatory?
IL-10, IL-4
What is the first local immune cell to respond?
Neutrophil
What is the function of neutrophils?
Phagocytose, break down antigen/debris, start to form reactive oxygen species, produce NETs
What are NETs?
Neutrophil extracellular traps– unravel DNA in extracellular space, microorganisms will stick to DNA, traps contain antimicrobials and exposed DNA signals for other immune cells
How is adaptive immunity initiated?
Presenting antigen cells present foreign material fragments to T helper cells IF inflammation not yet resolved
What are presenting antigen cells?
Innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells
What is the role of T helper cells?
Notice proteins being presented, initiate adaptive immune response that is either cell-mediated or humoral
What is unique about adaptive immune system?
Has memory cells that allows the adaptive immune response to occur faster on secondary exposure
What are the two endogenous pyrogens that initiate fever?
TNF-a, IL-1
What plasma proteins are synthesized in inflammation?
CRP, fibrinogen
What is a hypersensitivity reaction?
Excessive immunologic response to antigen that results in disease or damage to host
What is a type I hypersensitivity response?
Humoral, environmental antigen stimulates B cells, release IgE antibodies, IgE can bind to mast cells
What is a type II hypersensitivity response?
Humoral, antibodies bind to foreign antigen that’s attached to tissue and destroy it
What is a type III hypersensitivity response?
Humoral, production of antigen-antibody complexes that get deposited in blood vessels or extravascular tissue
What is an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
Grave’s disease, myasthenia gravia, transfusion reaction
What is an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction?
Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
What is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
Delayed cell mediated pathway, T-cell destruction of target cells but before they’re activated there’s a lag b/c must be presented to memory cells
What cells do HIV affect?
First macrophages/dendritic, then goes to lymphatic system, then CD4+, the receptors on the T helper cells
What converts HIV RNA to DNA?
Reverse transcriptase
How does AIDs occur?
After significant destruction of CD4+ T cells by HIV (<200/L blood)
What is cachexia?
Metabolic disorder characterized by muscle wasting and atrophy
What is an epitope?
Part of the antigen recognized by immune cells
What is interferon?
Type of cytokine, protein that primarily protects against viral infections
