Inflammation

Question 1

What are the functions of chemokines?

Answer 1

Small proteins (sub-class of cytokines which are signalling molecules) that function to recruit more immune cells

Question 2

What is the effect of histamine?

Answer 2

Vasodilation, increased permeability

Question 3

What are the pro-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 3

TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6, IL-23

Question 4

Which cytokines are anti-inflammatory?

Answer 4

IL-10, IL-4

Question 5

What is the first local immune cell to respond?

Answer 5

Neutrophil

Question 6

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 6

Phagocytose, break down antigen/debris, start to form reactive oxygen species, produce NETs

Question 7

What are NETs?

Answer 7

Neutrophil extracellular traps– unravel DNA in extracellular space, microorganisms will stick to DNA, traps contain antimicrobials and exposed DNA signals for other immune cells

Question 8

How is adaptive immunity initiated?

Answer 8

Presenting antigen cells present foreign material fragments to T helper cells IF inflammation not yet resolved

Question 9

What are presenting antigen cells?

Answer 9

Innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 10

What is the role of T helper cells?

Answer 10

Notice proteins being presented, initiate adaptive immune response that is either cell-mediated or humoral

Question 11

What is unique about adaptive immune system?

Answer 11

Has memory cells that allows the adaptive immune response to occur faster on secondary exposure

Question 12

What are the two endogenous pyrogens that initiate fever?

Answer 12

TNF-a, IL-1

Question 13

What plasma proteins are synthesized in inflammation?

Answer 13

CRP, fibrinogen

Question 14

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 14

Excessive immunologic response to antigen that results in disease or damage to host

Question 15

What is a type I hypersensitivity response?

Answer 15

Humoral, environmental antigen stimulates B cells, release IgE antibodies, IgE can bind to mast cells

Question 16

What is a type II hypersensitivity response?

Answer 16

Humoral, antibodies bind to foreign antigen that’s attached to tissue and destroy it

Question 17

What is a type III hypersensitivity response?

Answer 17

Humoral, production of antigen-antibody complexes that get deposited in blood vessels or extravascular tissue

Question 18

What is an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 18

Grave’s disease, myasthenia gravia, transfusion reaction

Question 19

What is an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 19

Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis

Question 20

What is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 20

Delayed cell mediated pathway, T-cell destruction of target cells but before they’re activated there’s a lag b/c must be presented to memory cells

Question 21

What cells do HIV affect?

Answer 21

First macrophages/dendritic, then goes to lymphatic system, then CD4+, the receptors on the T helper cells

Question 22

What converts HIV RNA to DNA?

Answer 22

Reverse transcriptase

Question 23

How does AIDs occur?

Answer 23

After significant destruction of CD4+ T cells by HIV (<200/L blood)

Question 24

What is cachexia?

Answer 24

Metabolic disorder characterized by muscle wasting and atrophy

Question 25

What is an epitope?

Answer 25

Part of the antigen recognized by immune cells

Question 26

What is interferon?

Answer 26

Type of cytokine, protein that primarily protects against viral infections