Inflammation

Question 1

Most important cell in acute and chronic

Answer 1

1) Neutrophil
2) Monocyte-Macrophage

Question 2

4 cardinal signs of inflammation
Named by who

Answer 2

1. Pain/dolor. 2. Heat/calor. 3. Redness/rubor. 4. Swelling/tumor.

Celsus

5th -given by Virchow : Loss of function.

Question 3

Vascular Steps of AI

Answer 3

Vascular events : Early transient vasoconstriction (Earliest event) Vasodilation ↑ Vascular permeability (Most critical event) mediated by histamine stasis (Slowing of blood flow).

Question 4

Cellular events of AI

Answer 4

Margination/pavementing
Rolling (Selectins : E, P, L)
Adhesion (Integrins : β1, β2)
Transmigration/Diapedesis (PECAM1/CD 31) Chemotaxis
Opsonisation
Phagocytosis

Question 5

Types of selectins

Answer 5

E-selectin Sialylated Lewis X & related glycans Endothelium activated by cytokines (IL-1, TNF)

P-selectin Sialylated Lewis X & related glycan on PSGL-1 Storage granules & surface of endothelium & platelets

L-selectin GlyCAM-1 (HEV), CD 34 Lymphocytes (high expression on naive T cell)

Question 6

Chemotactic factors

Answer 6

Exogenous : Bacterial cell wall products like N-formyl methionine.

Endogenous : “LIC” → LTB4, IL-8, C5a.

Question 7

Opsonins

Answer 7

C3b. •
Fc fragment of IgG (Most important). •
Serum proteins like fibrinogen, CRP, etc.,