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Health and Illness Exam #2 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Heat
  3. Redness
  4. Swelling
  5. Loss of function
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2
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Immunologic defense against tissue injuries, infection or allergies

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3
Q

What are the steps in Acute Inflammatory Response?

A
  1. Tissue injury and the release of chemical mediators ( chemotaxis )
  2. Vasodilation
  3. Endothelial Cells activate
  4. “Walling off”
  5. Exudate formation
  6. Movement of glucose and oxygen to the site needing repair
  7. Release of chemical repair factors from activated endothelial cells.
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4
Q

Risk factors Populations are?

A
  • Very young
  • Very old
  • Uninsured
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5
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease
( IBD )

A

-Chronic inflammation of the bowel within chronic or recurring immune response.
-Occurs due to an abnormal response to the body’s immune system

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6
Q

What are the 2 most common bowel diseases?

A
  1. Crohns Disease
  2. Ulcerative Colitis
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7
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Edema and inflammation primarily in the rectum and rectosigmoid colon
- Can involve the entire colon
- Hyperemic: Increased blood flow in the mucosa and submucosa
- Abscess formation
- Causes increased WBC

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8
Q

Edema and thickened bowel mucosa leads to:

A

-Poor absorption of Vit B12 ( pernnicious anemia )
-Partial bowel obstruction

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9
Q

Noticing / Assessment UC

A
  • Abdominal pain and cramping: LLQ
  • Anorexia and weight loss
  • Fever
  • Diarrhea: 15-20 liquid stools daily
  • Stool contains blood and mucus
  • Abdominal distension, tenderness, firmness upon palpation
  • High pitched bowel sounds
  • Rectal bleeding
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10
Q

Risk factors for UC

A
  • Family history
  • Caucasian, Jewish
  • Diagnosed as adolescent
  • Higher chance in females
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11
Q

Lab Diagnostics for UC

A
  • K+, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl = DECREASED ( diarrhea )
  • H/H = DECREASED ( blood in stool )
  • CRP = INCREASED ( inflammation )
  • ESR = INCREASED ( inflammation )
  • Albumin = DECREASED
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12
Q

Diagnostics Testing for UC

A
  • Magnetic resonance Enterography
  • Colonoscopy
  • CT skan / MRI
  • Barium enema
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13
Q

Plan / Intervention UC

A

NonSurgical: Monitor for electro imbalance, weight 1-2 times weekly, NPO
***Med: Sulfonamides, Gluccocorticoids, Antidiarrheals, Immunomodulators
Diet: Vit B12 supplement, iron, high protein, high calorie, low fiber diet

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14
Q

Surgical Intervention for UC

A

Colectomy: With / without ileostomy
- Emergent for toxic megacolon or bowel perforation

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15
Q

Exacerbation of UC, what complications will the nurse assess?

A
  • Increased BUN ( fluid deficit )
  • Hypokalemia ( diarrhea )
  • Leukocyotsis ( high WBC )
  • Anemia ( rectal bleeding, b12 )
  • Hyponatremia ( diarrhea, low fluid )
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16
Q

Crohns Disease

A

Inflammation and ulceration of the GI tract, often at the distal ileum
- Malabsoprtion of B12
- Fistula’s are common!

17
Q

Risk factors for Crohns

A
  • Family history
  • Jewish
  • Tobacco
18
Q

Assessment for Crohns

A
  • Unintentional weight loss
  • Abdominal pain: RLQ
  • Diarrhea: 5 stools a day w mucus or pus ( blood is less common )
  • Abdominal Distension
  • Low grade fever
  • High pitched bowel sounds
19
Q

Lab Diagnostics for Crohns

A
  • H/H = LOW
  • Folic acid = LOW
  • B12 = LOW
  • K+, Mg, Ca+ = DECREASED
  • Albumin = DECREASED
  • CRP = ELEVATED
  • ESR = ELEVATED
  • WBC = ELEVATED
20
Q

Diagnostics Testing for Crohns

A
  • MRE
  • Endoscopy
  • GI bleeding scan
21
Q

Interventions for Crohns

A

Meds: Antidiarrheals, Sulfanimides, Corticosteroids, Immunosupressants, Immunodulators
Nutrtion: Supplements ( B12 ) , low fiber, high calorie
Surgical: Fistula, but not as effective as UC

22
Q

Complications of Crohns and UC

A
  • GI bleed
  • Fluid and electro imbalances
  • Abscess formation
  • Fistulas ( Crohns )
  • Peritonitis
  • Toxic megacolon: Overuse of diarrheals, high perforation, NG suction, F/E imbalances
23
Q

Nursing Action:
Administer blood/ blood products via large bore IV catheter

A

For GI bleeding

24
Q

Nursing Action:
Observe stool for undigested food / undissolved meds

A

For Malabsorption

25
Q

Nursing Action:
Insert NG tube and suction

A

For Small bowel obstruction

26
Q

Nursing Action:
Admin antiobiotics

A

For Enterocentric Fistula

27
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli

28
Q

Risk factors for Glomerulonephritis

A
  • Recent infection
  • Recent travel
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Recent surgery / illness
29
Q

Assessment for Glomerulonephritis

A
  • *Edema: orbital / facial
  • HTN
  • Crackles
  • Weight Gain
  • Dysuria
  • Oliguria
  • *Reddish brown colored or cola covered urine
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
30
Q

Lab Assessment Glomerulonephritis

A
  • Urinalysis: Hematuria and proteinuria ( Sign of bad glomerli ) elevated urine specific gravity ( Fluid retention )
  • 24 hour urine collection: Total proteinuria (up to 3g)
  • BUN and Creatine = ELEVATED ( high waste products )
  • GFR = DECREASED ( not filtering )
  • Electrolyte alterations: High K+
31
Q

Diagnostic Assessment for Glomerulonephritis

A
  • Kidney biopsy
32
Q

Interventions for Glomerulonephritis

A

Meds: IV Antibiotics, erythromycin, corticosteroids, antihypertensives
F&E: Daily weights, restrict potassium, sodium, protein: less excreting protein helps kidneys rest

Health and Illness Exam #2 (3 decks)

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