INFLAMMATION Flashcards
Is a response of vascularized tissues to infections and damaged tissues
INFLAMMATION
It brings cells and molecules of defense (phagocytic leukocytes, antibodies, and complement proteins) from the circulation to the sites where they are needed in order to eliminate the offending agents.
INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATION serves to rid the host of
a) the cause of cell injury (microbes, toxins)
b) the consequences of such injury (such as necrotic cells and tissues)
STEPS IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE (5)
- RECOGNITION
- RECRUITMENT
- REMOVAL OF THE AGENT
- REGULATION
- REPAIR
The offending agent, which is located in extravascular tissues, is recognized by host cells and molecules.
Recognition
Leukocytes and plasma proteins are recruited from the circulation to the site where the offending agent is located.
RECRUITMENT
The leukocytes and proteins are activated and work together to destroy and eliminate the offending substance
REMOVAL OF THE AGENT
The reaction is controlled and terminated.
REGULATION
The damaged tissue is repaired.
REPAIR
major components of the inflammatory response
Blood Vessels
Leukocytes
it is a local response to an infection or to localized damage
Localinflammation
initiate and amplify the inflammatory response
mediators
determine the pattern, severity, and clinical and pathologic manifestations of the reaction
mediators
Involved in innate immunity
Acute Inflammation
More prominent in adaptive immunity
Chronic Inflammation
Acute Inflammation main characteristics
edema
emigration of leukocytes
the protracted phase of acute inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation main characteristics
- associated with more tissue destruction
- presence of lymphocytes and macrophages
- proliferation of blood vessels
- deposition of connective tissue
Causes tissue repair
through regeneration of surviving cells
through scarring
What types of stimuli trigger an inflammatory reaction?
(1) Infections
(2) Tissue necrosis
(3) Foreign bodies such as splinters, dirt, sutures
(4) Immune reactions or hypersensitivity
What substances are capable of recognizing microbes and products of cell damage?
- Cellular receptors for microbes
- Sensors of cell damage
- Other cellular receptors
- Circulating proteins
3 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
(1) Dilation of small vessels
(2) Increased permeability of the microvasculature
(3) Emigration of the leukocytes
THE VASCULAR REACTIONS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Exudation
Exudate
Transudate
Edema
Pus
the escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities
Exudation
an extravascular fluid that has high protein concentration and contains cellular debris
Exudate
its presence implies that there is an increase in the permeability of blood vessels triggered by some sort of tissue injury and an ongoing inflammatory reaction
Exudate
a fluid with low protein content (most of which is albumin), little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity
Transudate
an excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities; fluid leak in blood vessels
Edema
Edema can either be
Exudate or transudate
a purulent exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), the debris of dead cells, and microbes
Pus
One of the earliest manifestations of acute inflammation
Vasodilation
Refer to the engorgement of small vessels with slowly moving red cells
Stasis
What mechanisms are responsible for vascular leakage or increased permeability?
