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PATHO LEC PRELIMS > CHRONIC INFLAMMATION > Flashcards

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION Flashcards

1
Q

local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue

A

Ulcer

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2
Q

produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue

A

Ulcer

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3
Q

Response of prolonged duration (weeks or months)

A

Chronic Inflammation

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4
Q

Chronic Inflammation Causes:

A
  1. Persistent infections
  2. Hypersensitivity diseases
  3. Prolonged exposure to toxic agents
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5
Q

Morphologic Features of chronic inflammation

A
  • Infiltration with mononuclear cells
  • Tissue destruction
  • Attempts at healing
    • Angiogenesis
    • Fibrosis
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6
Q

Extravasate through the same
factors involved in NEUTROPHIL
EMIGRATION

A

Blood Monocytes

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7
Q

Principal actions in inflammation of:

IL-12

A

increased production of IFN-y

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8
Q

Principal actions in inflammation of:

IFN-Y

A

activation of macrophages
*increased ability to kill microbes and tumor cells

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9
Q

Principal actions in inflammation of:

IL-17

A

recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes

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10
Q

Ingest and eliminate microbes and dead tissues

A

ACTIVATED Macrophages

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11
Q

Initiate tissue repair

A

ACTIVATED Macrophages

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12
Q

Secrete mediators of inflammation (e.g. TNF, IL-1)

A

ACTIVATED Macrophages

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13
Q

Display antigens to T lymphocytes (feedback loop)

A

ACTIVATED Macrophages

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14
Q

To destroy microbes and promote
the inflammatory response

A

Classically Activated Macrophage (M1)

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15
Q

To terminate inflammation and
promote tissue repair

A

Alternative Macrophage Activation (M2)

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16
Q

abundant in immune reactions
mediated by IgE and in parasitic
infection

A

Eosinophils

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17
Q

participate in both acute and
chronic inflammatory
reactions

A

Mast Cells

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18
Q

absence of T cell– mediated
immune responses

A

Foreign Body Granuloma

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19
Q

persistent T cell–mediated immune
response

A

Immune Granuloma

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20
Q

Restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury

A

Repair

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21
Q

Two Processes of Repair

A
  1. Regeneration
  2. Scar formation
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22
Q

Replacement of the damaged
components

Return to a Normal State

A

Regeneration

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23
Q

Scar formation

A
  • Connective Tissue Deposition
  • Fibrosis / Collagen Deposition
24
Q

Cell Proliferation:

A
  1. Growth Factors
  2. Extracellular Matrix Integrity
  3. Tissue Stem Cell Maturation
25
most common cells in connective tissue proper
Fibroblasts
26
Fibroblasts synthesize and secrete
collagen and elastin
27
targets of growth factors
Fibroblasts
28
* Involved in wound healing * have a well-developed contractile function
Myofibroblasts
29
Three Groups of Tissue Stem Cells
1. Labile (continuously dividing) tissues 2. Stable Tissues 3. Permanent Tissues
30
Two Major Mechanisms of Liver Regeneration
1. After Partial Hepatectomy 2. From Progenitor Cells
31
Steps in Scar Formation
1. Inflammation 2. Cell Proliferation 3. Granulation Tissue 4. Connective Tissue
32
process of new blood vessel development from existing vessels
Angiogenesis
33
Angiogenesis process
1. Vasodilation 2. Separation of Pericytes 3. Endothelial Cell Migration 4. Endothelial Cell Proliferation 5. Remodeling of capillary tubes 6. Periendothelial Cell Recruitment 7. Suppression of Endothelial Proliferation
34
Deposition of Connective Tissue
1. Migration and Proliferation of Fibroblasts 2. ECM Protein Deposition
35
most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins
Transforming Growth Factor – Beta (TGF-β)
36
stimulates fibroblast migration and proliferation
Transforming Growth Factor – Beta (TGF-β)
37
Healing and Scar Maturation Outcomes
1. Fibroblast Proliferation and Decreased Angiogenesis 2. Increased ECM Deposition 3. Appearance of Myofibroblasts – Scar Contraction
38
Responsible for degradation of collagens and other ECM components
MMP
39
Activated by proteases (plasmin) present ONLY AT SITES OF INJURY
MMP
40
Rapidly inhibits active collagenase
TIMPS
41
Factors That Influence Tissue Repair
1. Infection 2. Diabetes 3. Nutritional Status 4. Glucocorticoids (steroids) 5. Mechanical factors 6. Poor perfusion 7. Foreign bodies 8. The type and extent of tissue injury 9. Location of the injury
42
Healing by First Intention
epithelial regeneration / primary union
43
Healing by First Intention Within 24 hours:
Activation of coagulation pathway - Neutrophils
44
44
Healing by First Intention Within 24 – 48 hours
- Epithelial cell proliferation
45
Healing by First Intention (Day 3)
- Macrophages - Granulation tissue formation – fibroblasts, angiogenesis, loose ECM
46
Healing by First Intention (Day 5)
- Angiogenesis at peak - Continuation of granulation tissue formation - Collagen and ECM deposition
47
Healing by First Intention (week 2)
- Fibroblastic proliferation and Collagen deposition
48
Healing by First Intention (1 month)
- Scar Formation
49
Healing by Second Intention
- Secondary union - Larger wounds
50
Excessive collagen deposition in a tissue
Fibrosis in Parenchymal Organs
51
Some Fibrotic Disorders:
1. Liver Cirrhosis 2. Scleroderma 3. Fibrosing Diseases of the Lungs 4. End-stage Kidney Disease 5. Constrictive Pericarditis
52
Defects in Healing
Chronic Wounds -Venous ulcer -Arterial ulcer -Pressure Sore -Diabetic ulcers
53
grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regress
Keloid
54
Excessive Collagen Deposition examples
Hypertrophic Scar Keloid Exuberant granulation Exuberant Fibroblast Proliferation Contractures
55
- “Proud Flesh” - which protrudes above the level of the surrounding skin - blocks reepithelialization
Exuberant granulation
56
Exaggeration of wound contracture
Contractures

PATHO LEC PRELIMS (4 decks)

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