inflammation Flashcards
describe charcacteristics of acute inflammation
rapid onset , short duration
initial reaction of tissue to injury
vascular component - - dilation of vessels
exudative component - protein rich fluid leaks from vessels
cellular components - characteristic cell is the neutrophil polymorphs
outcome - resolution , suppuration , organisation or progression to chronic inflammation
what are the causes of acute inflammation
causes of acute inflammation
microbial infections - e..g pyogenic , bacterial , viruses
hypersensitivity reactions - e.g. to parasites , allergens
physical agents - radiation , heat , trauma
chemical agents - e.g. corrosives , acids , alkalis , toxins
tissue necrosis - death
clinical vs macroscopic appearance
appearance of acute inflammation - redness rubor
heat - calor
swelling - tumour
pain - dolor
loss of function
what happens in the tissues in early and late stages
blood vessels and fluid dynamics
during acute inflammation you have vascular dilation
acute inflammation - increased blood pressure - vessels become dilated to accommodate for increased blood flow -
acute inflammation - proteins exudate from blood vessels
hydrostatic pressure is forced further down so there is a net movement of proteins into surrounding tissues including cells
osomotic pressure = higher due to the plasmid proteins
oncotic > hydrostatic pressure = oedema - swelling
describe the vessel changes due to the trauma on the skin
arteriolar constriction
capillaries dilate
arterioles dilate - caused by nerves and chemical mediators
zone of oedema as fluid exudes from vessels
cell types involved (microscopic features)
polymorph migration from vessels
polymorphs have a high migratory capacity
chemical mediators (acute inflammation)
in chronic inflammation - histamine is a strong inflammatory mediator
what happens in endophalmatiis
intraocular aqueous and virtuous
endogenous (metastatic) or exogenous
acute red zone
hypotonic - pus in anterior chamber
endo= inside eye / inflammation
beneficial and harmful sequelae of acute inflammation
consequences ( seqeulae) of acute inflammation
- resolution
suppuration - e..g. discharge of pus
repair and organisation
fibrosis - scarring - chronic inflammation can result in fibrosis
chronic inflammation
what are the causes of chronic inflammation
persistent infectious agent
autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection
primary granulomatous diseases (e.g. sarcoidosis)
foreign body
chronic diseases- e.g. crohns disease , ulcerative colitis
granulomatous disease
an immune response forming an organised collection of epithelial histiocytes
(macrophages in tissues larger than normal_
other cell types and matrix may be present and indicative of cause can include giant cells derived from macrophages (multinucleate)
giant cells
specific infections - e..g mycobacterium tuberculosis , leprocosy
fungal infections - parasites , larva eggs and worms
foreign bodies - endogenous such as keratin necrotic bones or exogenous such as sutures
specific chemicals - beryllium drugs - e..g sulphonamides
unknown cause , crohns disease , sarcoidosis
granulomatous disease
an immune response forming an organised collection of epithelial histiocytes
(macrophages in tissues larger than normal_
other cell types and matrix may be present and indicative of cause can include giant cells derived from macrophages (multinucleate)
giant cells
specific infections - e..g mycobacterium tuberculosis , leprocosy
fungal infections - parasites , larva eggs and worms
foreign bodies - endogenous such as keratin necrotic bones or exogenous such as sutures
specific chemicals - beryllium drugs - e..g sulphonamides
unknown cause , crohns disease , sarcoidosis
final results of inflammation
what cells types are involved in chronic inflammation
lymphocytes , plasma cells , and macrophages predominate
usually primary but may follow acute inflammation
granulomatous inflammation Is a specific subtype
a granuloma is a group of activated epithelioid macrophages
what are the consequences of chronic inflammation
scarring
what are granulomas
an immune response forming an organised collection of epithelial hostocytes
(macrophages in tissues larger than normal)
other cell types may be present and indicative of cause
can include giant cells derived from macrophages (multinucleate)
what diseases might give rise to granulomas e.g. giant cells
specific infections - mycobacterium (tubeercolis leperosy)
fungal infecftions - parasites , larva eggs , worms
foreign bodies - engoenous such as keratin or exogenous such as sutures
specific chemicals - beryllium drugs - e.g. sulphonamides
unknown causes - crowns disease , sacrodoissi - can cause lumps to occur
what are the mechanisms of cellular injury
different agents can injure various cells structures and functional components
e.g. deficiencies of metabolites - e.g. oxygen , glucose
mechanical disruption - trauma , osmotic pressure, membrane damage , fire radicals
blockage of metabolic pathways - interruption of protein synthesis , respiratory poisons
some cells with specific fucntons are prone to specific types of injury - functional integrity of membrane needs to be maintained in order to prevent damage inside
what are the mechanisms of cellular injury
different agents can injure various cells structures and functional components
e.g. deficiencies of metabolites - e.g. oxygen , glucose
mechanical disruption - trauma , osmotic pressure, membrane damage , fire radicals
blockage of metabolic pathways - interruption of protein synthesis , respiratory poisons
some cells with specific fucntons are prone to specific types of injury - functional integrity of membrane needs to be maintained in order to prevent damage inside
what Is ischameia
cells alive but insufficient oxygen (blood supply)
reduced functions of cell
what is necrosis
death of tissues
usually effects multiple cells in an area
cell nuclei break up and dissapear
coagulative of collquative
